What was the primary purpose of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833?

The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that abolished slavery throughout the British Empire. It achieved this through a system of compensated emancipation, where the British government purchased the freedom of all enslaved people and outlawed the future practice of slavery.

Who introduced the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 to Parliament?

The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 was introduced by Prime Minister Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, who led a reforming Whig administration at the time.

When did the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 receive Royal Assent and when did it officially commence?

The Act received Royal Assent on 28 August 1833 and officially commenced the following year, on 1 August 1834. Royal Assent is the final step in the legislative process, where the monarch formally approves a bill, making it law.

When was slavery abolished in England prior to the 1833 Act, and what legal case was significant in this abolition?

Slavery had been abolished in England by 1772. Lord Mansfield's judgment in the *Somerset* case in May 1772 was significant, as it emancipated a slave brought to England and established that slavery had no legal basis in English common or statutory law.

What was Granville Sharp's interpretation of the *Somerset* case?

Granville Sharp and other campaigners believed that the *ratio decidendi*, or the legal reasoning behind the decision, of the *Somerset* case meant that slavery was not supported by law within England and that no ownership could be exercised over enslaved people once they entered English or Scottish soil.

When did the anti-slavery movement to abolish the slave trade begin among the British public?

By 1783, an anti-slavery movement to abolish the slave trade throughout the British Empire had begun among the British public.

Which organization was established in 1787 to campaign against the slave trade?

The Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade was established in 1787 to campaign against the slave trade. This organization played a crucial role in raising public awareness and lobbying for legislative change.

What was the significance of the Wedgwood anti-slavery medallion?

The Wedgwood anti-slavery medallion, created by Josiah Wedgwood, was described by the BBC as 'the most famous image of a black person in all of 18th-century art'. It became a popular fashion accessory, with many ladies wearing them in bracelets or as hairpins, thus promoting the cause of justice, humanity, and freedom.

Who tabled the Act Against Slavery in Upper Canada in 1793, and what prompted it?

John Graves Simcoe, the Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, tabled the Act Against Slavery in 1793. This legislation, which was the first to outlaw the slave trade in a part of the British Empire, was spurred by an incident involving Chloe Cooley, an enslaved woman brought to Canada by an American loyalist.

What was William Wilberforce's lifelong purpose regarding slavery?

William Wilberforce had written in his diary in 1787 that his great purpose in life was to suppress the slave trade, a fight he waged for 20 years. He was a prominent British politician and philanthropist who became a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade.

What did the Slave Trade Act 1807 achieve, and what did it not?

The Slave Trade Act 1807 outlawed the international slave trade, making it illegal to transport enslaved people across the Atlantic. However, it did not abolish slavery itself within the British Empire.

How did the Slave Trade Felony Act 1811 strengthen the abolition of the slave trade?

Abolitionist Henry Brougham, realizing that the 1807 Act's fines were insufficient, successfully introduced the Slave Trade Felony Act 1811. This act made the overseas slave trade a felony throughout the British Empire, imposing much harsher penalties.

What role did the Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron play in suppressing the Atlantic slave trade?

The Royal Navy established the West Africa Squadron to suppress the Atlantic slave trade by patrolling the coast of West Africa. Between 1808 and 1860, the squadron captured 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans, many of whom were resettled in Jamaica and the Bahamas.

According to Eric Williams' *Capitalism and Slavery*, why did abolitionists show little interest in abolishing slavery itself between 1807 and 1823?

Eric Williams argued that between 1807 and 1823, abolitionists showed little interest in abolishing slavery itself because the slave trade generated only small profits compared to the highly lucrative sugar plantations in the Caribbean, where slavery continued to thrive. However, the British Caribbean sugar industry began a terminal decline from 1823, reducing the parliamentary need to protect the economic interests of West Indian sugar planters.

When was the Anti-Slavery Society founded in London, and who were some of its notable members?

The Anti-Slavery Society was founded in London in 1823. Notable members included Joseph Sturge, Thomas Clarkson, William Wilberforce, Henry Brougham, Thomas Fowell Buxton, Elizabeth Heyrick, Mary Lloyd, Jane Smeal, Elizabeth Pease, Anne Knight, and Jamaican mixed-race campaigners Louis Celeste Lecesne and Richard Hill.

What was the Baptist War, and how did it influence the abolition of slavery?

The Baptist War was a large-scale slave revolt in Jamaica during the Christmas holiday of 1831, initially organized as a peaceful strike by Baptist minister Samuel Sharpe. Although suppressed by the militia and British garrison, the significant loss of property and life led to two British Parliament inquiries, which greatly contributed to the passage of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833.

How did the Reform Act 1832 impact the ability of the West India Lobby to resist abolitionist efforts?

Prior to the Reform Act 1832, sugar planters from wealthy British islands could purchase 'rotten and pocket boroughs,' allowing them to form a powerful West India Lobby that resisted abolitionist moves. The Reform Act 1832 eliminated these seats, clearing the way for a majority in the House of Commons to pass the law abolishing slavery throughout the British Empire.

What was the fate of enslaved people over the age of six after the Act came into force?

After the Act came into force on 1 August 1834, only enslaved people below the age of six were immediately freed in the colonies. Those over six were re-designated as 'apprentices,' and their servitude was gradually abolished in two stages: the first ending on 1 August 1838, and the final apprenticeships ceasing on 1 August 1840.

Which territories were initially excluded from the Slavery Abolition Act 1833?

The Act specifically excluded 'the Territories in the Possession of the East India Company, or to the Island of Ceylon, or to the Island of Saint Helena.' These exclusions meant that slavery continued in these areas for a period after the main abolition.

When were the territories initially excluded from the 1833 Act finally included in the abolition efforts?

The exceptions for the East India Company territories, Ceylon, and Saint Helena were eliminated in 1843 with the Indian Slavery Act, 1843, extending the abolition of slavery to these regions.

How did the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 address compensation for slavery?

The Act provided for compensation to slave owners for the loss of their 'business assets,' but it did not provide any compensation to the enslaved people themselves. This compensation was a significant financial undertaking by the British government.

What was the total amount of money allocated for compensation to slave owners under the Act?

The amount of money set aside for payments to slave owners was 'the Sum of Twenty Million Pounds Sterling'. This was a substantial sum for the time.

What was the financial significance of the £20 million compensation in 1833?

In 1833, £20 million represented 40% of the Treasury's annual income and approximately 5% of Britain's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at the time, highlighting the immense financial commitment made by the government.

When was the debt incurred for slave owner compensation fully extinguished by British taxpayers?

While there have been claims the money was not paid back until 2015, the Treasury clarified that the 1837 slave debts were subsumed into a consolidated 4% loan issued in 1927. The debt was definitively extinguished in 2015 when the British government modernized its gilt portfolio by redeeming all remaining undated gilts, meaning taxpayers serviced this debt for a long period.

How was the compensation money distributed among slave-owning families?

Half of the compensation money went to slave-owning families residing in the Caribbean and Africa, while the other half was paid to absentee owners who lived in Britain. This distribution highlights the widespread nature of slave ownership.

Can you provide examples of prominent individuals who received compensation under the Slavery Abolition Act 1833?

Yes, for example, Henry Phillpotts, who was the Bishop of Exeter, along with three others as trustees, received £12,700 for 665 enslaved people in the West Indies. Another example is Henry Lascelles, 2nd Earl of Harewood, who received £26,309 for 2,554 enslaved people across six plantations.

Where can one find a list of individuals who received payments under the Slavery Abolition Act 1833?

The majority of individuals who received payments under the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 are listed in a Parliamentary Return titled 'Slavery Abolition Act,' which details all moneys awarded by the Commissioners of Slave Compensation in the *Parliamentary Papers* 1837–38 (215) vol. 48.

What organization succeeded the Anti-Slavery Society in working to outlaw slavery worldwide?

A successor organization to the Anti-Slavery Society was formed in London in 1839, known as the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. This organization continued the fight against slavery globally and is known today as Anti-Slavery International, the world's oldest international human rights organization.

When was the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 formally repealed, and did this make slavery legal again?

The entire Act was repealed on 19 November 1998 by section 1 of, and part VIII of schedule 1 to, the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1998. However, this repeal did not make slavery legal again, as other legislation, including sections of the Slave Trade Act 1824, 1843, and 1873, and Article 4 of the European Convention on Human Rights (incorporated into British Law by the Human Rights Act 1998), continues to prohibit slavery.

What is the significance of August 28th in African-American history, as depicted in Ava DuVernay's film?

Ava DuVernay's film *28 August: A Day in the Life of a People*, commissioned by the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture, highlights six significant events in African-American history that occurred on August 28th. One of these events is William IV's royal assent to the Slavery Abolition Act.

What is the 2006 film *Amazing Grace* about, and who are its central figures?

*Amazing Grace* is a 2006 British-American biographical drama film directed by Michael Apted. It focuses on the campaign against the slave trade in the British Empire, led by William Wilberforce, who championed anti-slave trade legislation in the British Parliament. The film also features John Newton, a former slave ship crewman whose religious conversion inspired his writing of the hymn 'Amazing Grace,' and who served as a major influence on Wilberforce.

How is the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 referenced in popular literature and television?

The Act is referenced in Andrea Levy's 2010 novel *The Long Song* and its 2018 BBC television adaptation. Both the novel and the series tell the story of an enslaved person in colonial Jamaica who experiences the period of slavery abolition in the British West Indies.

What was the territorial extent of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833?

The territorial extent of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 was the United Kingdom, but it applied to the British Colonies, with specific initial exclusions for territories in the possession of the East India Company, Ceylon, and Saint Helena.

What was the status of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 as of the provided source material?

As of the provided source material, the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 is listed as 'Repealed,' although slavery itself remains abolished through other existing legislation.

What was the initial practical effect of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 on enslaved individuals in the colonies?

In practical terms, the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 initially freed only enslaved individuals below the age of six in the colonies. Those over six were re-designated as 'apprentices' and remained in a form of servitude that was gradually phased out.

Which specific acts are mentioned as still being in force after the repeal of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833, ensuring slavery remains illegal?

After the repeal of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833, sections of the Slave Trade Act 1824, Slave Trade Act 1843, and Slave Trade Act 1873 are still in force. Additionally, the Human Rights Act 1998 incorporates Article 4 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which explicitly prohibits holding persons as slaves, into British law.

Slavery Abolition Act 1833 Wiki: The Emancipation Edict: Unpacking the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833

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Act Overview

A Defining Legislative Moment

The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 73) stands as a pivotal Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Its primary objective was to abolish slavery across the British Empire through a system of compensated emancipation. This legislation mandated the British government to acquire the freedom of all enslaved individuals within its territories and to prohibit the future practice of slavery.

The long title of the Act eloquently states its multifaceted purpose: "An Act for the Abolition of Slavery throughout the British Colonies; for promoting the Industry of the manumitted Slaves; and for compensating the Persons hitherto entitled to the Services of such Slaves."

Key Dates and Scope

This monumental Act received Royal Assent on 28 August 1833, marking its official enactment. It subsequently came into force on 1 August 1834. While its impact was immediate and profound, the full abolition of the slave trade across the entire British Empire was a more protracted process, with territories like Nigeria and Bahrain only fully abolishing slavery by 1937.

It is important to note that the Act was technically repealed on 19 November 1998, as part of a broader restructuring of English statute law. However, this repeal did not re-legalize slavery, as subsequent legislation and international human rights frameworks, such as Article 4 of the European Convention on Human Rights incorporated into British Law by the Human Rights Act 1998, ensure its continued prohibition.

The Apprenticeship System

A significant, albeit controversial, aspect of the Act was the introduction of an "apprenticeship" system. Upon the Act's commencement, only enslaved individuals under the age of six were granted immediate freedom. Those over six were re-designated as "apprentices," a form of gradual servitude designed to transition them to full freedom. This system was phased out in two stages:

The first set of apprenticeships concluded on 1 August 1838.
The final apprenticeships were scheduled to cease on 1 August 1840.

This transitional period aimed to mitigate perceived economic disruption for former slave owners, though it prolonged the unfreedom of many.

Historical Context

Early Legal Precedents in England

The path to the 1833 Act was long and complex, rooted in earlier legal developments within England itself. By 1772, slavery had effectively been abolished in England through judicial rulings. Lord Mansfield's judgment in the landmark Somerset v Stewart case in May 1772 emancipated a slave brought to England from Boston. This ruling established that slavery lacked legal standing in England, as it was not supported by common law or statutory law, thereby preventing legal ownership of individuals on English or Scottish soil. This decision significantly galvanized the burgeoning abolitionist movement.

The Rise of Abolitionism

By 1783, a robust anti-slavery movement had emerged among the British populace, culminating in the establishment of the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade in 1787. Iconic symbols, such as Josiah Wedgwood's anti-slavery medallion, became powerful tools for public awareness and advocacy. Figures like Thomas Clarkson and William Wilberforce dedicated decades to the cause, with Wilberforce famously committing his life to suppressing the slave trade.

Early legislative successes included Upper Canada's Act Against Slavery in 1793, which was the first legislation to outlaw the slave trade in a part of the British Empire, spurred by the case of Chloe Cooley.

Suppressing the Trade, Not Slavery

Initial parliamentary efforts focused on the slave trade rather than slavery itself. The Slave Trade Act 1807 outlawed the international slave trade, but its penalties proved insufficient. Recognizing this, Henry Brougham successfully introduced the Slave Trade Felony Act 1811, which finally designated overseas slave trading as a felony throughout the Empire. The Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron played a crucial role, patrolling the West African coast from 1808 to 1860, capturing 1,600 slave ships and liberating 150,000 Africans, many of whom were resettled in Jamaica and the Bahamas.

Economic Shifts and Political Will

While abolitionists initially struggled to gain traction against the powerful West India Lobby—a group of sugar planters who secured parliamentary seats to protect their economic interests—several factors shifted the political landscape. The British Caribbean sugar industry entered a period of terminal decline from 1823, diminishing the economic imperative to protect slavery. The formation of the Anti-Slavery Society in London in 1823, with prominent members like Joseph Sturge and Elizabeth Heyrick, intensified public pressure. Furthermore, the large-scale Baptist War slave revolt in Jamaica in 1831, though suppressed, led to British parliamentary inquiries that underscored the unsustainability of the system. Finally, the Reform Act 1832 dismantled the "rotten boroughs" that had served the West India Lobby, paving the way for a parliamentary majority committed to outright abolition.

Act Provisions

Enactment and Phased Freedom

The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 passed its second reading in the House of Commons without opposition on 22 July 1833, shortly before William Wilberforce's death. It received Royal Assent on 28 August 1833 and became effective on 1 August 1834. The Act's implementation was characterized by a phased approach to emancipation, particularly for adult enslaved individuals.

This gradual release mechanism aimed to manage the transition for both the enslaved population and the plantation economy, though it was met with criticism for prolonging the period of forced labor.

The Apprenticeship System Detailed

Under the Act, only children under the age of six were immediately granted full freedom. Enslaved individuals aged six and above were reclassified as "apprenticed labourers." This system bound them to their former owners for a period, during which they were expected to work without wages for a set number of hours per week, in exchange for food, clothing, and lodging. The apprenticeship was designed to gradually reduce their servitude:

First Stage: Apprenticeships for field labourers were scheduled to end on 1 August 1838.
Second Stage: Apprenticeships for all other categories of labourers (e.g., skilled tradesmen, domestic servants) were set to conclude on 1 August 1840.

This system, while a step towards freedom, was often criticized for maintaining many aspects of slavery under a different name.

Geographic Exclusions and Later Expansion

Initially, the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 did not apply universally across all British territories. Specifically, it excluded:

The territories under the possession of the East India Company.
The island of Ceylon (modern-day Sri Lanka).
The island of Saint Helena.

These exclusions meant that slavery continued in these regions for a period. However, these exceptions were subsequently addressed and eliminated in 1843 with the passage of the Indian Slavery Act, 1843, extending the reach of abolition across the broader British colonial domain.

Financial Implications

Compensation to Owners

A contentious aspect of the 1833 Act was its provision for compensating slave owners, rather than the formerly enslaved individuals. The British government allocated a substantial sum of "Twenty Million Pounds Sterling" for this purpose. In 1833, this amount represented approximately 40% of the Treasury's annual income and an estimated 5% of Britain's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), highlighting the immense financial commitment made to facilitate abolition.

This compensation was justified by the argument that enslaved people were considered property or "business assets" under existing laws, and their owners were therefore entitled to recompense for their "loss."

Funding the Emancipation Loan

To finance these payments, the British government secured a £15 million loan, finalized on 3 August 1835, from prominent bankers Nathan Mayer Rothschild and his brother-in-law Moses Montefiore. The remaining £5 million was disbursed directly in government stock. In present-day terms, the £5 million paid in government stock alone would be equivalent to approximately £1.5 billion.

The servicing of this debt by British taxpayers continued for an extended period. While some claims suggest repayment until 2015, this is largely due to the technicality of how the British government managed its debt through undated gilts. The 1837 slave debts were subsumed into a consolidated 4% loan issued in 1927, which matured in 1957 or later. Complete certainty of the debt's extinguishment came in 2015 when the government redeemed all remaining undated gilts. Regardless of the technical accounting, taxpayer money indeed serviced this historical debt.

Notable Recipients of Compensation

The compensation payments were distributed among hundreds of British families, many of whom held high social standing. These payments underscore the deep entanglement of the British elite with the institution of slavery. Examples include:

Henry Phillpotts: Then the Bishop of Exeter, along with three others as trustees, received £12,700 for 665 enslaved individuals in the West Indies.
Henry Lascelles, 2nd Earl of Harewood: Received a substantial £26,309 for 2,554 enslaved individuals across six plantations.

A comprehensive list of the majority of recipients is documented in a Parliamentary Return titled "Slavery Abolition Act," found in the Parliamentary Papers 1837–38 (215) vol. 48.

Enduring Legacy

Modern Legal Status of Abolition

Although the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 was technically repealed in 1998 by the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1998, this action did not re-legalize slavery. The prohibition of slavery remains firmly enshrined in British law through several other statutes, including sections of the Slave Trade Act 1824, Slave Trade Act 1843, and Slave Trade Act 1873, which are still in force. Furthermore, the Human Rights Act 1998 integrates Article 4 of the European Convention on Human Rights into British law, explicitly prohibiting the holding of persons as slaves. This layered legal framework ensures that the fundamental principle of abolition established in 1833 continues to be upheld.

Global Anti-Slavery Efforts

The momentum generated by the 1833 Act and the broader British abolitionist movement extended globally. A successor organization to the original Anti-Slavery Society, the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, was founded in London in 1839. This organization dedicated itself to outlawing slavery worldwide and continues its vital work today as Anti-Slavery International, the world's oldest international human rights organization. The Act thus served as a significant catalyst for international efforts to eradicate human bondage in all its forms.

Cultural Resonance

The profound historical significance of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 has resonated through popular culture, inspiring various artistic and narrative works:

Ava DuVernay's 28 August: A Day in the Life of a People: This film, commissioned by the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture, highlights six significant events in African-American history that occurred on August 28, including William IV's royal assent to the Act.
Amazing Grace (2006 film): This biographical drama chronicles William Wilberforce's tireless campaign against the slave trade in the British Empire, portraying the legislative struggle that ultimately led to acts like the 1833 Abolition Act.
Andrea Levy's The Long Song: Both the 2010 novel and its 2018 BBC television adaptation depict the experiences of an enslaved woman in colonial Jamaica during the period of slavery abolition in the British West Indies, offering a personal perspective on this transformative era.

These cultural representations serve to keep the memory and lessons of this historical struggle alive for contemporary audiences.

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References

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Will4/3-4/73/contents

Peter P. Inks, John R. Michigan, R. Owen Williams (2007) Encyclopedia of antislavery and abolition, p. 643. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007

Sharman, Anne-Marie (1993), ed., Anti-Slavery Reporter vol. 13 no. 8. p. 35, London: Anti-Slavery International

A full list of references for this article are available at the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 Wikipedia page

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This is not legal or historical advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional legal counsel, historical research, or academic scholarship. Always refer to primary historical documents, peer-reviewed academic sources, and consult with qualified legal or historical experts for specific inquiries or in-depth understanding. Never disregard professional advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website.

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The Emancipation Edict

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Act Overview ℹ️

⚖️ A Defining Legislative Moment

🗓️ Key Dates and Scope

📜 The Apprenticeship System

Historical Context 🏛️

🇬🇧 Early Legal Precedents in England

✊ The Rise of Abolitionism

🚢 Suppressing the Trade, Not Slavery

📈 Economic Shifts and Political Will

Act Provisions 📝

📅 Enactment and Phased Freedom

⛓️ The Apprenticeship System Detailed

🗺️ Geographic Exclusions and Later Expansion

Financial Implications 💰

💸 Compensation to Owners

🏦 Funding the Emancipation Loan

👤 Notable Recipients of Compensation

Enduring Legacy 🌍

⚖️ Modern Legal Status of Abolition

🌐 Global Anti-Slavery Efforts

🎬 Cultural Resonance

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

📜 References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Act Overview

A Defining Legislative Moment

Key Dates and Scope

The Apprenticeship System

Historical Context

Early Legal Precedents in England

The Rise of Abolitionism

Suppressing the Trade, Not Slavery

Economic Shifts and Political Will

Act Provisions

Enactment and Phased Freedom

The Apprenticeship System Detailed

Geographic Exclusions and Later Expansion

Financial Implications

Compensation to Owners

Funding the Emancipation Loan

Notable Recipients of Compensation

Enduring Legacy

Modern Legal Status of Abolition

Global Anti-Slavery Efforts

Cultural Resonance

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice