What is soul music, and where did it originate?

Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in African-American communities throughout the United States during the late 1950s and early 1960s. It is known for reflecting African-American identity and emphasizing the importance of African-American culture.

What are the key musical characteristics that define soul music?

Soul music is characterized by catchy rhythms, often stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body movements. It also features a call-and-response pattern between the lead and backing vocalists, an especially tense vocal sound, and occasional improvisational additions, twirls, and auxiliary sounds.

From which musical genres did soul music primarily draw its roots?

Soul music has its roots primarily in African-American gospel music and rhythm and blues, combining elements from these genres along with jazz.

What cultural movement contributed to the emergence of soul music?

The genre emerged from a power struggle to increase black Americans' awareness of their African ancestry, as a newfound consciousness led to the creation of music that boasted pride in being black. This development coincided with the Civil Rights Movement in the United States.

Which American record labels were influential in the proliferation of soul music during the Civil Rights Movement?

American record labels such as Motown, Atlantic, and Stax were highly influential in the proliferation of soul music during the Civil Rights Movement.

How did soul music impact other musical genres globally?

Soul music became popular worldwide and directly influenced rock music and the music of Africa. Its emphasis on rhythm and groove also became foundational to the development of funk, disco, and hip-hop.

When did soul music experience a resurgence, and what subgenre was associated with it?

Soul music had a resurgence in the mid-to late 1990s with the subgenre neo soul, which incorporated modern production elements and hip hop influences.

How did soul music perform on music charts in the 1960s?

Soul music dominated the U.S. R&B charts in the 1960s, and many recordings successfully crossed over into the pop charts in the United States, United Kingdom, and other regions.

Who are some of the prominent soul artists from the 1960s who were highly influential in the genre's development?

Many prominent soul artists, including Ray Charles, Sam Cooke, Otis Redding, James Brown, Aretha Franklin, and various acts under the Motown label such as The Supremes and The Temptations, were highly influential in the genre's development and gained widespread popularity during the 1960s.

What changes did the soul music genre undergo by 1968?

By 1968, the soul music genre began to splinter, with some artists moving towards funk music, while others developed slicker, more sophisticated, and sometimes more socially conscious varieties.

Which artists were prominent in the early 1970s as soul music absorbed influences from psychedelic and progressive rock?

Prominent soul artists of the early 1970s, as the genre absorbed influences from psychedelic rock and progressive rock, included Marvin Gaye, Jackson 5, Stevie Wonder, Curtis Mayfield, Isaac Hayes, Al Green, and Bill Withers.

What is the overall style of soul music marked by?

The style of soul music is marked by its emotional intensity and personal expression.

How did soul music reinterpret earlier rhythm-and-blues sounds?

Soul music reinterpreted the sounds of earlier rhythm-and-blues pioneers like Chuck Berry and Ray Charles, and it was seen as a return to African American musical roots after the emergence of rock and roll, which was perceived as a white interpretation of rhythm and blues.

According to musicologist Barry Hansen, what impact did the hybridization of gospel and rhythm and blues have on rock and roll?

According to musicologist Barry Hansen, although the hybrid of gospel and rhythm and blues produced R&B hits in the early 1950s, most white fans had to wait for the emergence of soul music in the 1960s to experience rock and roll sung in a gospel style.

What connotations does the term 'soul' carry in African-American parlance?

The term 'soul' in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride and culture.

Which jazz style originated from gospel music?

The jazz style that originated from gospel music became known as soul jazz.

Who are considered the 'forefathers' of soul music?

Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are often acknowledged as soul forefathers, alongside Ray Charles and James Brown.

How did Sam Cooke transition from gospel to secular music, and what was a significant recording of his?

Sam Cooke became popular as the lead singer of the gospel group the Soul Stirrers before controversially moving into secular music. His 1962 recording of 'Bring It On Home To Me' has been described as perhaps the first record to define the soul experience.

What was Jackie Wilson known for in his performances?

Jackie Wilson was particularly influential for his dramatic delivery and performances, achieving crossover success with hits like his 1957 song 'Reet Petite'.

Who were Ike & Tina Turner, and what was their role in 1960s soul music?

Ike & Tina Turner emerged as leading exponents of soul music in the 1960s. Their debut single 'A Fool in Love' crossed over to the pop charts in 1960, and they toured the Chitlin’ Circuit as the Ike & Tina Turner Revue.

Who did writer Peter Guralnick identify as a key figure in the emergence of soul music, and which record label was crucial?

Writer Peter Guralnick identified Solomon Burke as a key figure in the emergence of soul music, and Atlantic Records as the key record label. Burke's early 1960s songs like 'Cry to Me' are considered classics of the genre.

What was Otis Redding known for in his soul ballads during the mid-1960s?

Between 1962 and 1964, Otis Redding recorded a series of soul ballads characterized by unabashedly sentimental lyrics, often begging forgiveness or asking a girlfriend to return. He became known as 'Mr. Pitiful' and earned a reputation as the leading performer of soul ballads.

Who is widely known as the 'Queen of Soul'?

Aretha Franklin is widely known as the 'Queen of Soul'. She was originally a gospel singer whose career was revitalized by her recordings for Atlantic Records in the mid-1960s.

What were some of Aretha Franklin's significant and commercially successful recordings from 1967?

Aretha Franklin's significant and commercially successful recordings from 1967 included 'I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)', 'Respect' (originally by Otis Redding), and 'Do Right Woman, Do Right Man'.

Which cities and regions in the U.S. became noted for different soul subgenres and recording styles?

Different regions and cities within the U.S., including New York City, Detroit, Chicago, Memphis, New Orleans, Philadelphia, and Muscle Shoals, Alabama (home of FAME Studios and Muscle Shoals Sound Studios), became noted for different subgenres and recording styles of soul music.

How did soul music evolve in the 1970s and 1980s, particularly with the rise of disco and funk?

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, as disco and funk musicians gained popularity, soul music moved in the direction of 'quiet storm,' characterized by relaxed tempos and soft melodies. After the decline of disco and funk in the early 1980s, soul music became influenced by electro music, leading to the slickly produced style known as contemporary R&B.

What was the significance of the television series 'Soul Train'?

The syndicated music and dance variety television series 'Soul Train,' hosted by Don Cornelius, debuted in 1971 and provided an important outlet for soul music for several decades. It also spawned a franchise that included Soul Train Records, which distributed music by artists like The Whispers and Shalamar.

Who founded Motown Records, and what was notable about the label?

Berry Gordy founded the successful Tamla/Motown group of labels, which was notable for being African-American owned, unlike most earlier independent R&B labels.

What was the production approach at Motown Records, and who were some key producers and songwriters?

Motown Records used a quasi-industrial 'assembly line' approach to produce hits, with producers and songwriters bringing artistic sensitivity to the three-minute tunes. Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier, and Eddie Holland (known as Holland-Dozier-Holland) were frequently on the charts for their work with artists like The Supremes and the Four Tops.

What were the characteristics of the 'Motown sound'?

The 'Motown sound' was strongly rhythmic and influenced by gospel music, often including hand clapping, a powerful bassline, strings, brass, and vibraphone. AllMusic cites Motown as the pioneering label of pop-soul, a style with raw vocals but polished production and toned-down subject matter for pop radio and crossover success.

Who were the founders of Stax Records, and what was its standing in the music industry?

Stax Records was founded by siblings Estelle and James Stewart and was the second most successful record label behind Motown Records.

What were the distinguishing characteristics of music produced by Stax Records and Atlantic Records?

Stax Records and Atlantic Records, as independent labels, produced high-quality dance records featuring well-known singers. Their sound tended to feature smaller ensembles, expressive gospel-tinged vocals, and extensive use of brass and saxophones.

What defines 'deep soul' and 'Southern soul'?

The terms 'deep soul' and 'Southern soul' generally refer to a driving, energetic soul style that combines the energy of R&B with pulsating southern United States gospel music sounds.

What were the distinctive features of the Stax Records sound in Memphis?

The Stax Records sound in Memphis included putting vocals further back in the mix than most contemporary R&B records, using vibrant horn parts in place of background vocals, and a focus on the low end of the frequency spectrum.

Which house bands were responsible for backing the vast majority of Stax releases?

The vast majority of Stax releases were backed by the house bands Booker T & the MGs (featuring Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Duck Dunn, and Al Jackson) and the Memphis Horns (including trumpeter Wayne Jackson and saxophonist Andrew Love).

What are the characteristics of 'Memphis soul'?

Memphis soul is described as a shimmering, sultry style of soul music produced in the 1960s and 1970s at Stax Records and Hi Records in Memphis, Tennessee. It featured melancholic and melodic horns, Hammond organ, bass, and drums.

Who was the principal architect of New Orleans soul, and which artists did he work with?

The principal architect of New Orleans soul was songwriter, arranger, and producer Allen Toussaint. He worked with artists such as Irma Thomas (known as 'the Soul Queen of New Orleans'), Jessie Hill, Chris Kenner, Benny Spellman, and Ernie K-Doe on the Minit/Instant label complex.

What was the general sound of 'Chicago soul'?

Chicago soul generally had a light gospel-influenced sound, though the large number of record labels in the city led to a more diverse sound compared to other cities.

Which record labels in Chicago produced significant soul artists?

Vee Jay Records produced recordings by artists like Jerry Butler and Betty Everett, while Chess Records, primarily a blues and rock and roll label, produced major soul artists such as The Dells and Billy Stewart.

What was Curtis Mayfield's contribution to Chicago soul?

Curtis Mayfield not only achieved many hits with his group, The Impressions, but also wrote numerous hit songs for other Chicago artists and produced hits on his own labels for groups like The Fascinations and the Five Stairsteps.

What are the defining features of 'Philadelphia soul'?

Philadelphia soul, or Philly Soul, was based primarily in the Philadelphia International record label and was characterized by lush string and horn arrangements and doo-wop-inspired vocals.

Who are considered the founders of Philadelphia soul?

Thom Bell, and Kenneth Gamble & Leon Huff are considered the founders of Philadelphia soul.

Which artists achieved hits through the Philadelphia soul style?

Philadelphia soul produced hits for artists such as Patti LaBelle, The O'Jays, The Intruders, The Three Degrees, The Delfonics, The Stylistics, Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes, and The Spinners.

How did 'progressive soul' develop in the 1970s?

By the 1970s, African-American popular musicians drew from the conceptual album-oriented approach of the burgeoning progressive rock movement, inspiring a newfound sophisticated musicality and ambitious lyricism in black pop, leading to progressive soul.

Who were some of the key musicians associated with the progressive soul movement?

Key musicians associated with the progressive soul movement included Sly Stone, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, Curtis Mayfield, and George Clinton.

What is 'psychedelic soul' also known as, and what was its blend?

Psychedelic soul, sometimes known as 'black rock,' was a blend of psychedelic rock and soul music that emerged in the late 1960s.

Which artists were early pioneers of psychedelic soul?

Early pioneers of psychedelic soul included Jimi Hendrix, Sly and the Family Stone, Norman Whitfield, and Isaac Hayes.

What was the influence of psychedelic soul on funk music?

Psychedelic soul paved the way for the mainstream emergence of funk music a few years later, and its influence continued to be prevalent through the 1970s.

When did a distinct genre of 'British soul' emerge?

While soul was a major influence on British popular music since the 1960s, a clear genre of British soul did not emerge until the 1980s.

Which British artists achieved commercial success in the 1980s with British soul?

In the 1980s, several British artists, including George Michael, Sade, Simply Red, Lisa Stansfield, and Soul II Soul, enjoyed commercial success with British soul.

Soul Music Wiki: Echoes of Emotion: A Scholarly Journey Through Soul Music's Enduring Legacy

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The Essence of Soul

A Genre Forged in Identity

Soul music, a prominent popular music genre, emerged from African-American communities across the United States during the late 1950s and early 1960s.^[2] It is fundamentally characterized by its deep roots in African-American gospel music and rhythm and blues (R&B), representing a powerful hybridization of their respective religious and secular musical styles.^[4] The term "soul" itself was employed by African-American musicians to articulate the profound emotional and cultural experience of being Black in America.^[13]

Defining Musical Characteristics

The distinctive sound of soul music is marked by several key elements:

Catchy Rhythms: Often emphasized by handclaps and spontaneous body movements, creating an infectious groove.^[3]
Call and Response: A dynamic interplay between a lead vocalist and backing vocalists, echoing gospel traditions.^[3]
Tense Vocal Delivery: An especially emotive and often raw vocal sound, conveying deep feeling.^[3]
Improvisational Flourishes: Occasional vocal additions, twirls, and auxiliary sounds that add spontaneity and personal expression.^[3]

This fusion of gospel's spiritual intensity with R&B's secular themes created a genre that was both popular for dancing and profound for listening.^[5]

Cultural Significance

Beyond its musical attributes, soul music played a crucial role in reflecting and reinforcing African-American identity, particularly during the Civil Rights Movement. It became a powerful medium for expressing pride in Black culture and a newfound consciousness of African ancestry.^[6]^[7] Its influence extended globally, impacting rock music and the music of Africa.^[8]

Genre Lineage

Soul music's evolution is best understood through its foundational elements and its subsequent influence on other genres. The table below illustrates its stylistic origins and the derivative forms it inspired:

Category	Influences / Origins	Derivative Forms
Core Stylistic Origins	Rhythm and blues, Gospel music, Jazz	Funk, Contemporary R&B, Disco, Post-disco
Fusion Genres		Hip hop soul, Nu jazz, Pop soul, Psychedelic soul, Progressive soul, Soul blues, Soul jazz, Smooth soul, Swamp rock

Historical Evolution

The Genesis of Soul

The emergence of soul music in the 1950s was a direct result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues.^[16] It represented a return to African-American musical roots, distinguishing itself from the burgeoning rock and roll scene often perceived as a white interpretation of R&B. Early pioneers who significantly shaped the genre include:

Ray Charles: Often credited with popularizing soul, beginning with his 1954 hit "I Got a Woman," by blending blues, R&B, and gospel.^[21]
James Brown: Nicknamed the "Godfather of Soul Music," known for his dynamic performances and influential sound.^[15]
Sam Cooke: A "forefather" of soul, who transitioned from gospel (The Soul Stirrers) to secular music, with "Bring It On Home To Me" (1962) being a seminal soul recording.^[25]
Jackie Wilson: Achieved crossover success and was influential for his dramatic vocal delivery.^[27]

Other vital innovators included The "5" Royales, Faye Adams, Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James.^[14] The term "soul music" itself, referring to gospel-style music with secular lyrics, was first attested in 1961.^[17]

The 1960s Zenith

The 1960s marked soul music's peak, dominating U.S. African-American music charts and achieving significant crossover success in pop charts globally. Key figures and developments of this era include:

Ike & Tina Turner: Emerged as leading exponents with hits like "A Fool in Love" (1960) and "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" (1962).^[28]
Solomon Burke: Identified as a pivotal figure, with early 1960s classics like "Cry to Me" and "Just Out of Reach."^[32]
Ben E. King: Achieved success with "Stand By Me" (1961), directly based on a gospel hymn.^[11]
Otis Redding: Known as "Mr. Pitiful" for his soul ballads, he became a leading performer, notably at the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967.^[33]
Aretha Franklin: The "Queen of Soul," whose 1967 recordings like "I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)" and "Respect" revitalized her career and became iconic.^[34]

By 1968, soul music began to diversify, with artists exploring new subgenres and more sophisticated sounds.^[11]

Later Eras

The 1970s and 1980s Shift

The early 1970s saw soul music absorb influences from psychedelic and progressive rock, leading to new stylistic directions. While some artists like James Brown transitioned towards funk, others developed more refined and socially conscious forms of soul.^[11]

Hi Records: Continued the Stax tradition with hits by Al Green, Ann Peebles, and others, under producer Willie Mitchell.^[42]
Motown Evolution: Artists like Marvin Gaye, Michael Jackson, Stevie Wonder, and Smokey Robinson pushed soul towards a more pop-oriented sound.^[38]
Soul Train: The syndicated TV series, hosted by Chicago native Don Cornelius, provided a vital platform for soul music for several decades, even as hip-hop began to gain prominence in the 1980s.^[53]

As disco and funk gained traction in the late 1970s and early 1980s, soul music diversified further into styles like "quiet storm," characterized by relaxed tempos and soft melodies, incorporating jazz fusion and adult contemporary influences. This era also saw the rise of "contemporary R&B," a more polished, electro-influenced evolution of the original R&B sound.^[16]

The Neo-Soul Resurgence

The mid-to-late 1990s witnessed a significant resurgence of soul music through the emergence of the "neo soul" subgenre.^[9] Coined by producer and record label executive Kedar Massenburg, neo-soul blends 1970s soul vocals and instrumentation with contemporary R&B sounds, hip-hop beats, and poetic interludes. A hallmark of this style is the prominent use of Fender Rhodes or Wurlitzer electric piano "pads," creating a warm, organic texture over a mellow, grooving interplay between the drums (usually with a rim shot snare sound) and a muted, deep funky bass.

Neo-soul is celebrated for its deep, soulful lyrics that often explore themes of love and loss, resonating profoundly with listeners. It is deeply connected to its African-American gospel and blues roots, and extends beyond just sound to encompass a distinctive fashion aesthetic that breaks barriers and showcases creativity, making the entire genre an art form. Its timeless impact continues to influence various genres and artists today.

Jill Scott
Lauryn Hill
Aloe Blacc
Erykah Badu
H.E.R. (influenced by)
SZA (influenced by)

Influential Labels

Motown Records: The Sound of Young America

Berry Gordy's Tamla/Motown group of labels, based in Detroit, was groundbreaking for being African-American owned, a rarity among independent R&B labels of the time. Motown's distinctive "sound" was strongly rhythmic and gospel-influenced, often featuring handclaps, powerful basslines, and lush arrangements featuring strings, brass, and vibraphone. The label's house band, The Funk Brothers, were instrumental in crafting this sound.

Motown's success stemmed from a "quasi-industrial assembly line" approach to hit-making, where producers and songwriters infused artistic sensitivity into concise, three-minute tunes. The songwriting and production trio of Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier, and Eddie Holland consistently topped charts with artists like The Supremes, The Four Tops, and Martha and the Vandellas. Smokey Robinson also played a crucial role as a writer and producer, contributing iconic lyrics to songs like "The Tracks of My Tears."^[56]

Gladys Knight & the Pips
The Supremes
The Temptations
The Miracles
The Four Tops
The Marvelettes
Mary Wells
Jr. Walker & the All-Stars
Stevie Wonder
Marvin Gaye
Tammi Terrell
Martha and the Vandellas
The Jackson 5

Stax & Atlantic Records: Raw Southern Soul

Stax Records (Memphis, Tennessee) and Atlantic Records (New York City) were independent labels renowned for producing high-quality, dance-oriented soul records.^[57] Their sound often featured smaller ensembles, expressive gospel-tinged vocals, and extensive use of brass and saxophones.^[58]

Stax Records: Founded by siblings Estelle and James Stewart, Stax became the second most successful record label behind Motown. It was home to artists like Otis Redding, Wilson Pickett, and The Staple Singers.^[59] Their distinctive sound often placed vocals further back in the mix, utilized vibrant horn parts instead of background vocals, and emphasized the low-frequency spectrum. The label's house bands, Booker T & the MGs and the Memphis Horns, were integral to this sound.
Atlantic Records: Co-founded by Ahmet Ertegun and Herb Abramson, Atlantic played a crucial role in popularizing soul. Ertegun notably wrote songs for and worked with artists such as Ray Charles and The Clovers, even contributing backup vocals on Big Joe Turner's "Shake Rattle and Roll."^[60] Atlantic was key in the early successes of Ray Charles and Solomon Burke, helping to establish soul as a movement.^[32]

Diverse Soul Styles

Detroit (Motown) Soul

Dominated by Berry Gordy's Motown Records, this style is characterized by strong rhythms and gospel influences. It frequently incorporates handclaps, prominent basslines, and lush arrangements featuring strings, brass, and vibraphone. The Motown sound is often cited as the pioneering force behind "pop-soul," a polished, radio-friendly style with raw vocals and toned-down lyrical themes aimed at mainstream crossover success.^[61] This style evolved into disco in the 1970s and saw a revival in the late 2000s with artists like Amy Winehouse and Raphael Saadiq.^[62]

Deep & Southern Soul

These terms refer to an energetic, driving soul style that fuses the raw power of R&B with the pulsating sounds of Southern United States gospel music. Memphis-based Stax Records was a key incubator for this distinctive sound, which often featured vocals placed further back in the mix, vibrant horn sections replacing background vocals, and a strong emphasis on the low-frequency spectrum. The house bands, Booker T & the MGs and the Memphis Horns, were central to its development.

Memphis Soul

A shimmering, sultry style of soul music, Memphis soul was primarily produced at Stax Records and Hi Records in Memphis during the 1960s and 1970s. It is identifiable by its melancholic and melodic horns, prominent Hammond organ, bass, and drums, exemplified in recordings by Hi's Al Green and Stax's Booker T. & the M.G.'s. Willie Mitchell and the Hi Rhythm Section were instrumental in shaping Hi Records' surging soul sound.^[57]

New Orleans Soul

Directly evolving from the rhythm and blues era, the New Orleans soul scene was heavily influenced by artists like Little Richard and Fats Domino. Allen Toussaint, a prolific songwriter, arranger, and producer, was the principal architect of this distinctive sound, working with artists such as Irma Thomas ("the Soul Queen of New Orleans"), Jessie Hill, and Aaron Neville. This style had a significant direct influence on the birth of funk music.

Chicago Soul

Chicago soul generally had a light gospel-influenced sound, though the city's numerous record labels fostered a more diverse musical landscape. Labels like Vee Jay Records (Jerry Butler, Betty Everett) and Chess Records (The Dells, Billy Stewart) produced major soul artists. Curtis Mayfield was a central figure, not only achieving hits with his group, The Impressions, but also writing and producing for other Chicago artists like The Fascinations and Major Lance.

Philadelphia Soul (Philly Soul)

Primarily associated with the Philadelphia International record label, Philly Soul is renowned for its lush string and horn arrangements and doo-wop-inspired vocals. Thom Bell, Kenneth Gamble, and Leon Huff are considered the architects of this sophisticated sound, which yielded hits for iconic groups such as Patti LaBelle, The O'Jays, The Stylistics, and Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes.

Progressive Soul

By the 1970s, African-American popular musicians began to draw inspiration from the conceptual, album-oriented approach of progressive rock. This led to a "progressive-soul" movement characterized by sophisticated musicality and ambitious lyricism in black pop.^[64] Key artists included Sly Stone, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, Curtis Mayfield, and George Clinton. Albums like Wonder's Talking Book and Innervisions, and War's The World Is a Ghetto are prime examples. Later artists like Prince and Janelle Monáe continued this tradition.^[68]

Psychedelic Soul

Sometimes referred to as "black rock," psychedelic soul emerged in the late 1960s as a fusion of psychedelic rock and soul music. This blend significantly influenced the mainstream rise of funk music shortly thereafter.^[74] Pioneers of this subgenre include Jimi Hendrix, Sly and the Family Stone, Norman Whitfield, and Isaac Hayes.^[75] Despite the decline of psychedelic rock, psychedelic soul's influence persisted throughout the 1970s.

British Soul

Small soul scenes began to appear in the UK in the early 1960s, with artists like Chants and Steve Aldo emerging from communities like Liverpool. While early British soul recordings struggled for mainstream recognition,^[77] soul music profoundly influenced British popular music, including bands of the British Invasion like The Beatles.^[78] Notable "blue-eyed soul" acts included Dusty Springfield and Tom Jones.^[79] A distinct British soul genre solidified in the 1980s with commercial successes from artists like George Michael, Sade, and Soul II Soul.^[81] The 2000s and 2010s saw a "British Soul Invasion" with artists like Amy Winehouse, Adele, and Estelle achieving widespread popularity in the U.S.^[82]

Northern Soul

Northern soul is a vibrant music and dance movement that originated in Northern England and the English Midlands in the late 1960s, evolving from the British mod subculture. It is defined by a specific style of soul music characterized by a heavy beat and fast tempo. Coined by journalist Dave Godin, the movement centered around DJs playing rare, uptempo American soul recordings from the 1960s and early 1970s, often from smaller labels, regardless of their geographical origin in the U.S.^[84]

Nu-Jazz & Electronica Influence

Soul music has exerted a significant influence on various electronic music genres, including house, drum and bass, UK garage, and downtempo. Many artists within these genres have produced compositions heavily inspired by soul, demonstrating its enduring versatility and foundational role in contemporary music production.

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References

"Soul Music" - Encyclopedia.com.

"soul music" - EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica.

BBC Music, Episode guides to Soul Deep â The Story Of Black Popular Music, 2007. Retrieved July 12, 2013.

Barry Hansen, Rhythm and Gospel, in Jim Miller (ed.), The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll, 1976, pp. 15â18.

About Soul, AllMusic. Retrieved July 11, 2013

Richie Unterberger, "Little Richard â Artist Biography", AllMusic

White, Charles. (2003), p. 229. The Life and Times of Little Richard: The Authorised Biography. Omnibus Press.

Frederick Douglass Opie, Hog and Hominy: Soul Food from Africa to America (Columbia University Press, 2008), chapter 7.

Joe McEwen, Sam Cooke, in Jim Miller (ed.), The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll, 1976, pp. 113â116.

Joe McEwen, Jackie Wilson, in Jim Miller (ed.), The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll, 1976, pp. 117â119.

Peter Guralnick, Soul, in Jim Miller (ed.), The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll, 1976, pp. 206.

Jon Landau, Otis Redding, in Jim Miller (ed.), The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll, 1976, pp. 210â213.

Adams, Michael, Review of: Atlantic Records: The House That Ahmet Built, by Susan Steinberg (Notes) 2008

Martin 1998, p. 41; Hoard & Brackett 2004, p. 524.

P. Humphries, The Complete Guide to the Music of the Beatles (Music Sales Group, 1998), p. 83.

R. Gulla, Icons of R&B and soul: an encyclopedia of the artists who revolutionized rhythm (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008), p. xxii.

G. Wald, "Soul's Revival: White Soul, Nostalgia and the Culturally Constructed Past", M. Guillory and R. C. Green, Soul: Black power, politics, and pleasure (New York University Press, 1997), pp. 139â58.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Soul music Wikipedia page

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Echoes of Emotion

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

The Essence of Soul 🎤

🎶 A Genre Forged in Identity

✨ Defining Musical Characteristics

✊ Cultural Significance

Genre Lineage 🔗

Historical Evolution 📜

🌱 The Genesis of Soul

📈 The 1960s Zenith

Later Eras 🕰️

🔄 The 1970s and 1980s Shift

🆕 The Neo-Soul Resurgence

Influential Labels 💿

💎 Motown Records: The Sound of Young America

⚡ Stax & Atlantic Records: Raw Southern Soul

Diverse Soul Styles 🎵

🚗 Detroit (Motown) Soul

🔥 Deep & Southern Soul

🌆 Memphis Soul

⚜️ New Orleans Soul

🌬️ Chicago Soul

🔔 Philadelphia Soul (Philly Soul)

🧠 Progressive Soul

🌀 Psychedelic Soul

🇬🇧 British Soul

🕺 Northern Soul

🎧 Nu-Jazz & Electronica Influence

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 References

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

The Essence of Soul

A Genre Forged in Identity

Defining Musical Characteristics

Cultural Significance

Genre Lineage

Historical Evolution

The Genesis of Soul

The 1960s Zenith

Later Eras

The 1970s and 1980s Shift

The Neo-Soul Resurgence

Influential Labels

Motown Records: The Sound of Young America

Stax & Atlantic Records: Raw Southern Soul

Diverse Soul Styles

Detroit (Motown) Soul

Deep & Southern Soul

Memphis Soul

New Orleans Soul

Chicago Soul

Philadelphia Soul (Philly Soul)

Progressive Soul

Psychedelic Soul

British Soul

Northern Soul

Nu-Jazz & Electronica Influence

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Gamer's Corner

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