What is television as a telecommunication medium?

Television is defined as a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images and sound. It serves as a broad platform for advertising, entertainment, news, and sports.

What are the primary uses of television as a mass medium?

As a mass medium, television is utilized for advertising, entertainment, news dissemination, and broadcasting sports events. Its reach makes it a significant channel for communication across various sectors.

When did television technology become available in crude experimental forms, and when did it become commonplace in homes?

Crude experimental forms of television became available in the 1920s. Following World War II, an improved black-and-white television broadcasting format gained popularity, leading to television sets becoming commonplace in homes, businesses, and institutions.

How did color broadcasting impact the adoption of television?

The introduction of color broadcasting in the mid-1960s in the U.S. and other developed countries significantly increased the popularity and widespread adoption of television sets. This advancement offered a richer visual experience compared to earlier black-and-white broadcasts.

What technological advancements have enabled viewers to watch pre-recorded material on their own schedules?

The availability of various archival storage media, such as Betamax and VHS tapes, LaserDiscs, hard disk drives, CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray discs, and cloud-based digital video recorders, has allowed viewers to watch pre-recorded content at their convenience. Services like Netflix, utilizing cloud storage and video-on-demand, exemplify this shift.

What is the difference between standard-definition television (SDTV) and high-definition television (HDTV) in terms of resolution?

Standard-definition television (SDTV) typically uses resolutions like 576i (with 576 interlaced lines) or 480i. High-definition television (HDTV), in contrast, provides a substantially higher resolution, with common formats including 1080p, 1080i, and 720p.

What percentage of the world's households owned a television set in 2013?

In 2013, approximately 79% of households worldwide owned a television set. This statistic highlights the widespread penetration of television as a primary communication and entertainment device globally.

Describe the hardware revolution that led to the replacement of cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays.

A significant hardware revolution occurred with the development of compact, energy-efficient flat-panel display technologies like LCDs (including LED-backlit variants), OLEDs, and plasma displays. These technologies gradually replaced the older, bulkier CRT screen displays.

What is the linguistic origin of the word "television"?

The word "television" is derived from the Greek word "tele," meaning "far," and the Latin word "visio," meaning "sight." This etymology accurately reflects the technology's core function of transmitting images over distances.

Who is credited with first using the term "television," and in what year?

The term "television" was first documented in 1900 by Russian scientist Constantin Perskyi. He used it in a paper presented in French at the International Congress of Electricity in Paris.

What was the function of the Nipkow disk in early television systems?

The Nipkow disk, patented in 1884, was a spinning disk with a spiral pattern of holes. Each hole scanned a line of an image, serving as an early "image rasterizer" crucial for mechanical television systems.

Describe the significance of the 1909 demonstration by Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier.

Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier demonstrated the first live transmission of images in Paris in 1909. Their system used a matrix of selenium cells as an electronic retina and a Kerr cell to modulate light, achieving an 8x8 pixel resolution sufficient to transmit letters of the alphabet.

What was the contribution of Boris Rosing and Vladimir Zworykin in 1911?

In 1911, Boris Rosing and his student Vladimir Zworykin created a television system that utilized a mechanical mirror-drum scanner to transmit images to a cathode-ray tube (CRT) receiver. However, the system's sensitivity and the selenium cell's lag limited it to displaying only crude images.

What was the significance of John Logie Baird's 1926 public demonstration?

On January 26, 1926, John Logie Baird demonstrated before the Royal Institution the transmission of a face in motion by radio. This event is widely regarded as the world's first true public television demonstration, showcasing light, shade, and detail.

What technical achievement did Herbert E. Ives and Frank Gray of Bell Labs demonstrate in 1927?

In 1927, Herbert E. Ives and Frank Gray of Bell Telephone Laboratories demonstrated a mechanical television system that transmitted reasonably accurate, monochromatic moving images with synchronized sound over both copper wire and radio links. Their system included both small and large viewing screens, and its picture quality was considered superior for its time.

Who invented the cathode-ray tube (CRT), and what was its significance for television?

German physicist Ferdinand Braun invented the cathode-ray tube (CRT) in 1897. This invention, also known as the "Braun tube," became the foundational component for 20th-century television display technology.

What was Kálmán Tihanyi's key contribution to electronic television development?

Hungarian engineer Kálmán Tihanyi designed a television system in 1926 that utilized fully electronic scanning and display elements, incorporating the principle of "charge storage" within the camera tube. This innovation significantly improved the sensitivity of electronic camera tubes.

What was the significance of Philo Farnsworth's image dissector camera tube demonstration in 1927?

Philo Farnsworth's image dissector camera tube, demonstrated in 1927, transmitted its first image, a simple line, marking a crucial step in the development of all-electronic television systems. This demonstration is widely regarded as the first electronic television demonstration.

What was the outcome of the patent interference suit between RCA and Philo Farnsworth?

RCA filed a patent interference suit against Philo Farnsworth, claiming his patents infringed on Zworykin's earlier applications. However, a U.S. Patent Office examiner ruled in favor of Farnsworth, and RCA eventually agreed to pay Farnsworth $1 million over ten years to license his patents, recognizing his priority in electronic television.

What was the significance of Manfred von Ardenne's 1931 demonstration in Berlin?

Manfred von Ardenne gave the first public demonstration of a television system using a CRT for both transmission and reception in Berlin in 1931. This marked the first completely electronic television transmission, although it used the CRT as a flying-spot scanner for slides and film rather than a camera tube.

What was the world's first regular "high-definition" television service, and when did it begin?

The world's first regular "high-definition" television service, using a 405-line system employing the Emitron camera tube, began broadcasting on November 2, 1936, from Alexandra Palace in London. This service was developed by the EMI engineering team.

What technical challenge did the NTSC standard address for color broadcasting?

The NTSC standard, developed in the United States, addressed the challenge of conserving bandwidth by encoding color information separately from brightness information and reducing the resolution of the color signal. This approach ensured compatibility with existing black-and-white television sets.

What is a smart television, and how does it differ from Internet TV?

A smart television is a television set or set-top box with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 features, representing a convergence of computers and television. It is distinct from Internet TV, which refers broadly to receiving television content over the internet, regardless of the device.

What techniques do 3D televisions use to convey depth perception?

3D televisions convey depth perception through methods such as stereoscopic display, multi-view display, or 2D-plus-depth techniques. Most modern 3D TVs utilize active shutter or polarized 3D systems, with some offering autostereoscopic viewing without glasses.

How does cable television deliver programming, and how does it differ from terrestrial television?

Cable television delivers programming via coaxial or fiber-optic cables using radio frequency or light pulses, contrasting with terrestrial television's over-the-air radio wave transmission received by an antenna. Cable systems also often provide internet and telephone services.

What was Arthur C. Clarke's significant proposal regarding satellite communications?

In 1945, Arthur C. Clarke proposed a worldwide communications system that would function using three satellites equally spaced in Earth orbit. This concept, published in Wireless World, laid the groundwork for modern satellite communication systems.

What is the primary distinction between a television set and a video monitor?

A television set is distinguished by the inclusion of a tuner, which allows it to receive and decode broadcast signals. A video monitor, lacking this tuner, is solely a display device.

What was the significance of Sony's TV8-301?

Sony's TV8-301, released in 1960, was the first fully transistorized, portable solid-state television set. Its development marked a significant step towards smaller, more portable electronic devices.

What are the two main types of LCD televisions?

LCD televisions come in two primary types: those using cold cathode fluorescent lamps (simply called LCDs) and those using LEDs as a backlight, referred to as LED TVs. Both technologies offer thinner and lighter designs compared to CRTs.

What are the advantages of OLED displays compared to LCDs, particularly in low light conditions?

OLED displays do not require a backlight, allowing them to achieve deeper black levels and be thinner and lighter than LCDs. In low ambient light, OLED screens can offer a higher contrast ratio compared to LCDs.

What are the resolutions associated with Standard-Definition Television (SDTV)?

Standard-Definition Television (SDTV) is associated with two primary resolutions: 576i, which uses 576 interlaced lines and is derived from European PAL and SECAM systems, and 480i, based on the American NTSC system. These resolutions are lower than those considered high-definition.

What are the resolutions associated with Ultra-High-Definition Television (UHDTV)?

Ultra-High-Definition Television (UHDTV) encompasses resolutions like 4K UHD (2160p) and 8K UHD (4320p). These formats offer significantly higher detail than previous television standards.

Which manufacturers held the largest market share for TVs in the first half of 2023?

In the first half of 2023, Samsung Electronics held the largest market share for television manufacturers with 31.2%, followed by LG Electronics (16.2%), TCL (10.2%), Hisense (9.5%), and Sony (5.7%). The remaining market share was held by other manufacturers.

What are the two main levels at which TV programming is marketed and delivered?

TV programming is typically marketed and delivered through an "original run" or "first run," where a producer shows content on a licensed station or network, and through "broadcast syndication," which involves secondary usage rights, including international distribution.

Which television genres are typically the most expensive to produce?

Dramas are generally considered the most expensive television genres to produce, often requiring significant investment in sets, actors, and production values. Other genres, like historical dramas, can also incur high costs.

What was the first official, paid television advertisement broadcast in the United States?

The first official, paid television advertisement in the U.S. was broadcast on July 1, 1941, over WNBT in New York before a baseball game. The advertisement was for Bulova watches and featured a modified test pattern resembling a clock.

What is product placement in television programming?

Product placement is a technique where specific brands or products are deliberately featured within television shows as a form of advertising. This practice, which originated in feature films, integrates products into the narrative or visual elements of the program.

What are the restrictions on advertising time for major commercial TV channels in the UK?

In the UK, major commercial TV channels like ITV, Channel 4, and Channel 5 are restricted to an average of seven minutes of advertising per hour, with a limit of eight minutes during peak periods. This regulation aims to maintain program quality and viewer experience.

How do subscription television channels ensure revenue?

Subscription television channels typically ensure revenue by encrypting their signals, requiring paying subscribers to obtain decryption codes to view the content. This model is often supplemented by advertising revenue.

What role has television played in socialization during the 20th and 21st centuries?

Television has played a pivotal role in the socialization processes of the 20th and 21st centuries, influencing societal norms, values, and individual behavior. It serves as a powerful tool for shaping public opinion and cultural understanding.

How might individuals suffering from social isolation use television to cope with loneliness?

Individuals experiencing social isolation may use television to create parasocial or faux relationships with characters from their favorite shows. This can help deflect feelings of loneliness and social deprivation by providing a sense of connection.

Which religious denominations or groups oppose the presence of television in households, and why?

Certain religious groups, including some Methodist denominations, specific Baptist congregations, Traditional Catholic congregations like the Society of Saint Pius X, Laestadian Lutherans, and Conservative Anabaptists, oppose television in households. They often view it as an "occasion of sin" due to its potential content.

What risk do children face from falling televisions, and how has this risk evolved with different display technologies?

Children face a risk of injury from falling televisions, whether from the weight of older CRT models or the top-heavy design of newer flat-screen TVs. TV tip-overs are a significant cause of childhood injuries in the United States.

What environmental concerns are associated with discarded televisions?

Environmental concerns related to discarded televisions include the generation of electronic waste, particularly due to the lead content in CRTs and mercury in LCD lamps. Proper disposal and recycling are crucial to mitigate these environmental impacts.

What was the significance of the "Indian-head test pattern" mentioned in the text?

The "Indian-head test pattern" was used during the black-and-white era of television, typically displayed when a station signed on each day. It served as a visual reference for calibrating picture quality and alignment before programming began.

What was the first completely electronic television transmission, and when did it occur?

The first completely electronic television transmission occurred in August 1931 at the Berlin Radio Show, demonstrated by Manfred von Ardenne using a CRT for both transmission and reception. This marked a significant advancement over mechanical systems.

What impact did the COVID-19 pandemic have on the television streaming business?

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly boosted the television streaming business, as lifestyle changes like staying home and lockdowns led to increased demand for online content delivery. This trend accelerated the growth of streaming services.

What is the difference between a television set and a video monitor?

A television set is distinguished by the inclusion of a tuner, which allows it to receive and decode broadcast signals. A video monitor, lacking this tuner, is solely a display device.

What are the resolutions associated with Standard-Definition Television (SDTV)?

Standard-Definition Television (SDTV) is associated with two primary resolutions: 576i, which uses 576 interlaced lines and is derived from European PAL and SECAM systems, and 480i, based on the American NTSC system. These resolutions are lower than those considered high-definition.

What was the significance of the 1927 demonstration by Bell Telephone Laboratories?

The 1927 demonstration by Bell Telephone Laboratories showcased a mechanical television system that produced reasonably accurate, monochromatic moving images with synchronized sound, setting a high standard for picture quality in mechanical television at the time.

Television Wiki: The Evolving Screen: A Deep Dive into Television Technology and Culture

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Television: A Medium Defined

Telecommunication Medium

Television (TV) is a telecommunication medium dedicated to transmitting moving images and sound. It functions as a mass medium for advertising, entertainment, news, and sports, extending beyond the capabilities of traditional radio broadcasting.

Ubiquitous Presence

By 2013, approximately 79% of global households owned a television set. This widespread adoption underscores its significant role in modern society, serving as a primary source of information and entertainment.

Technological Evolution

From its rudimentary experimental forms in the 1920s to the sophisticated smart TVs of today, television technology has undergone continuous evolution. Key advancements include the transition from black-and-white to color, the shift to digital broadcasting, and the integration of internet connectivity.

Etymology: Seeing from Afar

Greek & Latin Roots

The term "television" originates from the Greek word tele (far) and the Latin word visio (sight). The term was first formally used by Russian scientist Constantin Perskyi in 1900.

Early Terminology

The anglicized version appeared in 1907, initially describing a theoretical system for transmitting images over wires. Alternative proposals like "telephote" and "televista" were also considered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Modern Usage

The abbreviation "TV" became common by 1948. The term now refers both to the medium of transmission and the physical device, with slang terms like "telly" and "the tube" reflecting its cultural integration.

A Chronicle of Television

Mechanical Beginnings

Early television systems relied on mechanical scanning devices, such as the Nipkow disk, pioneered by inventors like Paul Nipkow and demonstrated by John Logie Baird and Charles Francis Jenkins in the 1920s. These systems, while groundbreaking, offered limited resolution.

1884: Paul Nipkow patents the Nipkow disk, a foundational scanning concept.
1909: Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier demonstrate the first live transmission of images using a rudimentary electronic retina.
1925-1926: John Logie Baird demonstrates the first public transmissions of silhouette and then facial images using mechanical systems.
1927: Bell Telephone Laboratories showcases a mechanical system with impressive image quality for its time.
1930s: Mechanical systems reach resolutions around 240 lines before being superseded by electronic methods.

The Electronic Revolution

The development of the cathode-ray tube (CRT) by Ferdinand Braun and subsequent advancements in electronic scanning tubes (like the Iconoscope and Image Dissector) by Zworykin, Farnsworth, and Tihanyi paved the way for true electronic television. This transition offered significantly improved image quality and reliability.

1897: Ferdinand Braun invents the cathode-ray tube (CRT), the basis for electronic displays.
1926: Kálmán Tihanyi designs a fully electronic system utilizing charge storage principles.
1927: Philo Farnsworth transmits the first electronic television image.
1933: Manfred von Ardenne demonstrates the first completely electronic television transmission using a CRT for scanning.
1936: The BBC launches the world's first regular high-definition (405-line) electronic television service.

The Advent of Color

Experiments in color television began early, with John Logie Baird demonstrating the first color transmission in 1928. Practical color broadcasting, however, gained momentum in the 1950s with the development of compatible color systems like NTSC in the United States, though widespread adoption took decades.

1928: Baird demonstrates the first color transmission using mechanical scanning and color filters.
1940: Peter Carl Goldmark introduces an electro-mechanical color system at CBS.
1953: The NTSC standard for compatible color television is adopted in the US.
1960s: Color television sets become more common, and networks begin broadcasting more color programming.
1970s: Color sets surpass black-and-white sales, marking a significant shift in viewing habits.

Digital and Smart Era

The transition to digital television (DTV) in the late 20th and early 21st centuries enabled higher resolutions (HDTV, UHDTV) and more efficient use of bandwidth. This paved the way for "smart TVs" integrating internet connectivity and interactive features, fundamentally changing how content is accessed and consumed.

1990s: Development of digital television standards, enabled by advances in compression technology (e.g., DCT).
Early 2000s: Digital television broadcasting becomes more prevalent, offering improved quality.
2010s: Rise of Smart TVs, integrating internet services and apps directly into the television set.
Ongoing: Continued advancements in display technologies (OLED, QLED) and streaming services reshape the television landscape.

Transmission Systems

Terrestrial Broadcasting

The original method of television distribution, terrestrial broadcasting involves transmitting signals via radio frequencies from television transmitters to antennas. Government regulation has historically played a significant role in managing allocated channels and broadcast content.

Cable Television

Cable television delivers programming via coaxial or fiber-optic cables, offering a wider range of channels and services than traditional terrestrial methods. Its origins lie in providing reception in areas with poor over-the-air signal quality.

Satellite Television

Utilizing communication satellites, satellite television provides programming globally. Direct-broadcast satellite (DBS) systems, often using Ku-band frequencies, relay digital signals received via satellite dishes, offering extensive channel options, particularly in underserved regions.

Internet Television

Internet television (or online television) distributes content via the internet using video streaming. This model, distinct from Smart TVs or IPTV, has been significantly impacted by advancements in compression technology and the rise of streaming platforms.

Television Sets & Display Technologies

The Television Receiver

A television set integrates a tuner, display, amplifier, and speakers. Evolving from bulky CRT models to sleek flat-panel displays, sets have become central hubs for media consumption, displaying broadcast content, recorded media, and interactive services.

Display Evolution

Display technologies have transformed television viewing. From early mechanical disks and ubiquitous CRTs, the market has shifted towards flat-panel technologies like Plasma, DLP, LCD (including LED-backlit), and increasingly, OLED, offering thinner designs and superior image quality.

Disk: Early, low-resolution mechanical systems.
CRT: Vacuum tube technology, dominant for decades, known for deep blacks but bulky form factor.
DLP: Uses micromirrors for projection; found in projectors and some rear-projection TVs.
Plasma: Utilizes ionized gases in cells; offered excellent contrast but higher power consumption.
LCD: Liquid-crystal displays, widely adopted due to thinness and lower cost, often LED-backlit.
OLED: Organic light-emitting diodes offer self-emissive pixels for superior contrast and thinner designs.

Resolution Standards

Television resolution has advanced significantly. Standards range from Low-Definition (LDTV) used in portable devices, to Standard-Definition (SDTV: 480i/576i), High-Definition (HDTV: 720p, 1080i/p), and Ultra-High Definition (UHD: 4K, 8K), each offering progressively greater detail.

LDTV: Lower resolution, suitable for small screens (e.g., 320x240).
SDTV: Standard Definition (e.g., 720x480i or 720x576i).
HDTV: High Definition (e.g., 1280x720p or 1920x1080i/p).
UHDTV: Ultra High Definition (4K: 3840x2160p, 8K: 7680x4320p).

Content, Genres, and Funding

Programming and Genres

Television programming encompasses diverse genres, from dramas and comedies to news and reality shows. Production costs vary significantly, with dramas often being the most expensive. Genres are tailored to entertain, inform, and educate a wide audience.

Funding Models

Television financing globally relies on a mix of government funding, advertising revenue, licensing fees, and subscription services. Advertising remains a primary revenue source for many networks, influencing programming decisions and advertising rates.

The Role of Advertising

Television's extensive reach makes it a powerful advertising medium. The first paid television advertisement aired in 1941. Advertising spots fund a significant portion of programming, with viewership metrics like Nielsen ratings influencing ad placement and cost.

Global Market Dynamics

Market Share Overview

The global television market is substantial, with North America historically holding the largest revenue share. Key manufacturers like Samsung, LG, and TCL dominate the market, reflecting significant global production and sales figures.

Worldwide TV Manufacturers Market Share, H1 2023
Manufacturer	Market Share
Samsung Electronics	31.2%
LG Electronics	16.2%
TCL	10.2%
Hisense	9.5%
Sony	5.7%
Others	27.2%

Consumer Trends

Consumers typically purchase new television sets every seven years, with the average household owning multiple units. The market continues to evolve with the increasing affordability and adoption of smart TVs and advanced display technologies.

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References

Diggs-Brown, Barbara (2011) Strategic Public Relations: Audience Focused Practice p. 48

"Sending Photographs by Telegraph", The New York Times, Sunday Magazine, 20 September 1907, p. 7.

Television 1873â1927,Television: The Official Organ Of The Television Society, Vo1, No1, March 1928, Television Press Ltd, London, p11.

Baird, J.L., "Television in 1932", BBC Annual Report, 1933.

"New Television System Uses 'Magnetic Lens'", Popular Mechanics, Dec. 1934, pp. 838â39.

"M.I. Krivocheev â an engineer's engineer", EBU Technical Review, Spring 1993.

[2]

M. Le Blanc, "Etude sur la transmission Ã©lectrique des impressions lumineuses", La LumiÃ¨re Electrique, vol. 11, 1 December 1880, pp. 477â81.

Western technology and Soviet economic development: 1945 to 1965, by Antony C. Sutton, Business & Economics â 1973, p. 330

Baird Television: Crystal Palace Television Studios. Previous color television demonstrations in the U.K. and U.S. had been via closed circuit.

Peter C. Goldmark, assignor to Columbia Broadcasting System, "Color Television", U.S. Patent 2,480,571, filed 7 September 1940.

"New Television System Transmits Images in Full Color", Popular Science, December 1940, p. 120.

"CBS Demonstrates Full-Color Television", The Wall Street Journal, 5 September 1940, p. 1. "Television Hearing Set", The New York Times, 13 November 1940, p. 26.

Bob Cooper, "Television: The Technology That Changed Our Lives", Early Television Foundation.

Baird Television: The World's First High Definition Colour Television System.

"YouTube TV â Watch & DVR Live Sports, Shows & News". YouTube TV â Watch & DVR Live Sports, Shows & News. Retrieved 2017-12-05.

Global TV 2010 â Markets, Trends Facts & Figures (2008â2013) International Television Expert Group

Global TV Revenues (2008â09) International Television Expert Group

iDate's Global TV Revenue Market Shares International Television Expert Group

OFCOM's Global TV Market Report 2009 International Television Expert Group

Butler, Fionnuala; Pickett, Cynthia. "Imaginary Friends". Scientific American. 28 July 2009. 26 March 2010.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Television Wikipedia page

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This is not professional advice. The information provided herein should not be considered a substitute for expert consultation in fields such as media studies, electrical engineering, or historical research. Always consult authoritative sources and qualified professionals for specific inquiries or applications.

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The Evolving Screen

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Television: A Medium Defined 📺

📡 Telecommunication Medium

🏠 Ubiquitous Presence

💡 Technological Evolution

Etymology: Seeing from Afar 🗣️

🇬🇷 Greek & Latin Roots

📜 Early Terminology

💬 Modern Usage

A Chronicle of Television 🕰️

⚙️ Mechanical Beginnings

⚡ The Electronic Revolution

🌈 The Advent of Color

💻 Digital and Smart Era

Transmission Systems 🌐

🗼 Terrestrial Broadcasting

🔗 Cable Television

🛰️ Satellite Television

☁️ Internet Television

Television Sets & Display Technologies 🖥️

📺 The Television Receiver

💡 Display Evolution

🖼️ Resolution Standards

Content, Genres, and Funding 🎬

🎬 Programming and Genres

💰 Funding Models

📢 The Role of Advertising

Global Market Dynamics 📊

📈 Market Share Overview

🛒 Consumer Trends

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Television: A Medium Defined

Telecommunication Medium

Ubiquitous Presence

Technological Evolution

Etymology: Seeing from Afar

Greek & Latin Roots

Early Terminology

Modern Usage

A Chronicle of Television

Mechanical Beginnings

The Electronic Revolution

The Advent of Color

Digital and Smart Era

Transmission Systems

Terrestrial Broadcasting

Cable Television

Satellite Television

Internet Television

Television Sets & Display Technologies

The Television Receiver

Display Evolution

Resolution Standards

Content, Genres, and Funding

Programming and Genres

Funding Models

The Role of Advertising

Global Market Dynamics

Market Share Overview

Consumer Trends

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice