What is the primary objective of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)?

The primary objective of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and complete disarmament.

When was the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons negotiated and when did it enter into force?

The treaty was negotiated between 1965 and 1968 by the Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament, a United Nations-sponsored organization. It was opened for signature in 1968 and entered into force on March 5, 1970.

How did the NPT address its duration, and what decision was made regarding its future?

The treaty was originally conceived with a limited duration. However, in May 1995, at a Review Conference, parties agreed to extend the treaty indefinitely, a testament to its perceived significance.

Which states are recognized as nuclear-weapon states (NWS) by the NPT, and what are their obligations under Article I?

The NPT recognizes five nuclear-weapon states: China, France, Russia (as successor to the Soviet Union), the United Kingdom, and the United States. Under Article I, these states pledge not to transfer nuclear weapons or related technology to any recipient and not to assist any non-nuclear-weapon state in acquiring them.

What are the core obligations of non-nuclear-weapon states (NNWS) under the NPT?

Non-nuclear-weapon states that are parties to the NPT commit under Article II not to acquire or develop nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, nor to seek or receive assistance in their manufacture. Under Article III, they also agree to accept IAEA safeguards to verify that their nuclear activities are solely for peaceful purposes.

What is the central bargain or understanding that underpins the NPT?

The NPT is based on a mutual understanding where non-nuclear-weapon states agree never to acquire nuclear weapons, and in return, the nuclear-weapon states agree to share the benefits of peaceful nuclear technology and to pursue nuclear disarmament, aiming for the eventual elimination of their nuclear arsenals.

How is the NPT sometimes interpreted, and what are the potential concerns with this interpretation?

The treaty is sometimes interpreted as a 'three-pillar' system encompassing non-proliferation, disarmament, and the right to peaceful nuclear technology. However, some question this interpretation, arguing it might imply equal importance for all three elements, potentially downplaying the treaty's primary focus on non-proliferation.

What is the significance of Article IV of the NPT concerning peaceful nuclear energy?

Article IV acknowledges the inalienable right of all parties to develop research, production, and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination, and encourages international cooperation in this area, provided it aligns with non-proliferation obligations.

Which states have never signed the NPT, and what is their general status regarding nuclear weapons?

Four UN member states have never joined the NPT: India, Israel, Pakistan, and South Sudan. Among these, India, Pakistan, and Israel are known or believed to possess nuclear weapons, while South Sudan is a relatively new state.

What action did North Korea take regarding the NPT, and what was the outcome?

North Korea acceded to the NPT in 1985 but announced its withdrawal in 2003, becoming the only state to do so. This withdrawal followed accusations of non-compliance with safeguards agreements and a secret uranium enrichment program.

What role does the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) play in the NPT framework?

The IAEA plays a crucial role by applying safeguards to verify that nuclear activities in non-nuclear-weapon states serve only peaceful purposes and that nuclear material is not diverted for weapons development, as mandated by Article III of the treaty.

What were the initial motivations behind the creation of the NPT?

The impetus for the NPT stemmed from concerns about the safety of a world with numerous nuclear-weapon states. The Cold War dynamic between the US and USSR highlighted the fragility of deterrence, and the proliferation of nuclear weapons was seen as increasing risks of miscalculation, accidents, and conflict.

How did President Eisenhower's 'Atoms for Peace' proposal influence the NPT's context?

Eisenhower's 1953 proposal urged the establishment of an international organization to disseminate peaceful nuclear technology while guarding against weapons development. This led to the creation of the IAEA in 1957, which was tasked with both promoting and controlling nuclear technology, setting the stage for non-proliferation efforts.

What is the significance of the indefinite extension of the NPT in 1995?

The indefinite extension of the NPT in 1995, agreed upon by consensus, solidified the treaty's long-term commitment to preventing nuclear proliferation and pursuing disarmament, reflecting a broad international consensus on its importance.

What criticism is leveled against the nuclear-weapon states regarding their Article VI obligations?

Critics, particularly from non-nuclear-weapon states, argue that the nuclear-weapon states have failed to make sufficient progress on nuclear disarmament as required by Article VI. They point to the continued existence of large nuclear arsenals as evidence of non-compliance.

How have 'nuclear sharing' agreements within NATO been viewed in relation to the NPT?

Some argue that NATO's secret nuclear weapons sharing agreements, where US nuclear weapons are stored in other NATO states for potential use by their air forces, constitute proliferation and violate Articles I and II of the NPT. A counter-argument is that control remains with the US until a decision to use them is made.

What is the 'Achilles' heel' of the nuclear non-proliferation regime, according to Mohamed ElBaradei?

Mohamed ElBaradei, former Director General of the IAEA, identified the spread of uranium enrichment and plutonium reprocessing capabilities as the 'Achilles' heel' of the nuclear non-proliferation regime, due to their potential dual-use nature for both peaceful energy and weapons development.

What is the 'central bargain' of the NPT, and how does it relate to the treaty's pillars?

The central bargain involves non-nuclear states forgoing nuclear weapons in exchange for nuclear states pursuing disarmament and sharing peaceful nuclear technology. This bargain is often seen as reflecting the treaty's three pillars: non-proliferation, disarmament, and peaceful use.

What specific actions did Iran take that led to its non-compliance findings by the IAEA and the UN Security Council?

Iran was found to be in non-compliance for failing to report nuclear material imports, their processing and use, and for not declaring facilities where nuclear material was stored or processed. These failures, reported by the IAEA, led the UN Security Council to demand Iran suspend its enrichment activities.

What was the outcome of the 2010 NPT Review Conference, and what factors contributed to its success?

The 2010 Review Conference was considered a success because it reached a consensus document and an Action Plan, unlike the previous conference in 2005. This success was largely attributed to US President Barack Obama's commitment to nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament.

What specific concerns did the US raise regarding North Korea's nuclear program in 2002?

In 2002, the US accused North Korea of pursuing a secret highly enriched uranium (HEU) program. This accusation led to the suspension of fuel oil shipments and eventually North Korea's re-withdrawal from the NPT.

What was the outcome of the 2015 NPT Review Conference?

The 2015 NPT Review Conference, despite intensive consultations, was unable to reach agreement on the substantive part of its draft Final Document, indicating significant challenges in achieving consensus among the states parties.

What role did South Africa play concerning nuclear weapons and the NPT?

South Africa is unique as the only country that developed nuclear weapons independently and subsequently dismantled its arsenal before acceding to the NPT in 1991. The IAEA confirmed the complete dismantlement of its nuclear weapons program in 1994.

What is the 'central bargain' of the NPT, and how does it relate to the treaty's pillars?

The NPT is often described as being based on a central bargain: non-nuclear-weapon states agree not to acquire nuclear weapons, while nuclear-weapon states agree to pursue nuclear disarmament and share peaceful nuclear technology. This bargain reflects the treaty's three pillars: non-proliferation, disarmament, and peaceful use of nuclear energy.

What was the outcome of the 2022 Tenth Review Conference of the NPT?

The Tenth Review Conference, held in August 2022, concluded without adopting a final document. Russia blocked consensus due to issues related to its invasion of Ukraine, specifically concerning the safety of the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant.

What is the significance of the '13 Steps' mentioned in relation to the 2000 NPT Review Conference?

The '13 Steps' refer to practical measures adopted by consensus at the 2000 NPT Review Conference for systematic and progressive efforts to implement the treaty's disarmament provisions, representing a key outcome of that meeting.

How did the US-India civilian nuclear agreement impact the NPT regime, according to critics?

Critics argued that the US-India nuclear deal, along with similar efforts to deny Iran nuclear technology, could undermine the NPT regime. This was because it facilitated nuclear programs in states that were not parties to the treaty, potentially weakening the non-proliferation framework.

What is the stated reason for India's refusal to sign the NPT?

India argues that the NPT is a flawed and discriminatory treaty because it creates a distinction between nuclear 'haves' and 'have-nots' based on pre-1967 testing dates, without providing an ethical justification for this division. India believes the treaty lacks universal, non-discriminatory verification and treatment.

What was the outcome of the Marshall Islands' lawsuit concerning the NPT?

In 2014, the Marshall Islands filed lawsuits against several nuclear-armed states, including the United States, Russia, China, India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel. The aim was to compel these nations to enforce the disarmament provisions of the NPT.

What is the significance of the 'nuclear umbrella' in the context of the NPT?

The 'nuclear umbrella' refers to the security provided by extended nuclear deterrence, where a nuclear-weapon state offers protection to its allies. This assurance has been a factor in limiting incentives for some non-nuclear-weapon states to develop their own nuclear weapons.

What specific actions did Libya take that violated its NPT obligations?

Libya, despite being an NPT party, undertook a secret nuclear weapons development program using materials and technology from the A.Q. Khan proliferation network. This program involved nuclear weapons designs and gas centrifuges for uranium enrichment, violating its treaty obligations.

How did the Syrian civil war impact the understanding of Syria's nuclear program?

Before the Syrian Civil War, Syria operated a small research reactor. However, reports emerged of a clandestine nuclear facility near Deir ez-Zor, suspected to be North Korean-designed, which was later destroyed by Israel in Operation Orchard in 2007.

What security assurances did Ukraine receive upon acceding to the NPT as a non-nuclear-weapon state?

Upon acceding to the NPT in 1994 and transferring former Soviet nuclear weapons from its territory, Ukraine received security assurances from the United Kingdom, the United States, and Russia under the Budapest Memorandum.

What is the primary criticism leveled against the NPT by many 'Third World' states?

Many Third World states view the NPT as a 'conspiracy of the nuclear 'haves' to keep the nuclear 'have-nots' in their place.' This perspective is rooted in the perceived lack of progress by nuclear-weapon states in fulfilling their disarmament obligations under Article VI.

What was the outcome of the 2005 NPT Review Conference?

The 2005 NPT Review Conference ended in disarray, with stark disagreements between the United States, which focused on non-proliferation concerns (particularly regarding Iran), and most other countries, who emphasized the lack of nuclear disarmament progress by the nuclear powers.

What is the significance of the 'Zangger Committee' and the 'Nuclear Suppliers Group' in the non-proliferation regime?

The Zangger Committee and the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) are significant for implementing export controls. The NSG, in particular, establishes guidelines to prevent the spread of nuclear materials and technology, making it difficult for states to acquire capabilities for nuclear weapons production.

What is the 'policy of deliberate ambiguity' regarding Israel's nuclear program?

Israel maintains a long-standing policy of deliberate ambiguity concerning its nuclear weapons status. This means the government neither confirms nor denies possession of nuclear weapons, a stance that has persisted despite international scrutiny and disclosures.

What was the main outcome of the 2000 NPT Review Conference?

The main outcome of the 2000 NPT Review Conference was the consensus adoption of a Final Document that included 'practical steps' for disarmament, commonly referred to as the 'Thirteen Steps,' outlining a roadmap for implementing Article VI obligations.

How did the dissolution of the Soviet Union affect the NPT's nuclear-weapon state status?

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation assumed the obligations and rights of the USSR as a nuclear-weapon state party to the NPT. The former Soviet republics where nuclear weapons were based (Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan) transferred these weapons to Russia and joined the NPT as non-nuclear states.

What is the 'virtual' nuclear weapons program concept discussed in relation to enrichment and reprocessing technology?

The concept of a 'virtual' nuclear weapons program refers to states possessing uranium enrichment and plutonium reprocessing capabilities. This is feared because these technologies can be used to produce fissile material for weapons, giving such states the option to develop nuclear weapons 'on demand'.

What was the significance of the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference?

At the 1995 conference, held 25 years after the treaty's entry into force, states parties agreed to extend the NPT indefinitely. This decision reinforced the treaty's commitment to non-proliferation and disarmament for the foreseeable future.

What is the stated justification for China's civil nuclear agreement with Pakistan, and how was it received?

China justified its civil nuclear agreement with Pakistan by claiming it was for 'peaceful' purposes. However, arms control advocates criticized the deal, arguing it violated the NPT by facilitating nuclear programs in a non-party state, and China's claim that the deal was 'grandfathered' into the NSG was disputed.

What is the significance of the International Court of Justice's (ICJ) advisory opinion on nuclear weapons regarding Article VI of the NPT?

The ICJ's 1996 advisory opinion unanimously interpreted Article VI as implying an obligation 'to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control'.

What is the 'central bargain' of the NPT, and how does it relate to the treaty's pillars?

The NPT is often described as being based on a central bargain: non-nuclear-weapon states agree not to acquire nuclear weapons, while nuclear-weapon states agree to pursue nuclear disarmament and share peaceful nuclear technology. This bargain reflects the treaty's three pillars: non-proliferation, disarmament, and peaceful use of nuclear energy.

What criticism is leveled against the nuclear-weapon states regarding their Article VI obligations?

Critics, particularly from non-nuclear-weapon states, argue that the nuclear-weapon states have failed to make sufficient progress on nuclear disarmament as required by Article VI. They point to the continued existence of large nuclear arsenals as evidence of non-compliance.

What specific actions did Libya take that violated its NPT obligations?

Libya, despite being an NPT party, undertook a secret nuclear weapons development program using materials and technology from the A.Q. Khan proliferation network. This program involved nuclear weapons designs and gas centrifuges for uranium enrichment, violating its treaty obligations.

What is the significance of the '13 Steps' mentioned in relation to the 2000 NPT Review Conference?

The '13 Steps' refer to practical measures adopted by consensus at the 2000 NPT Review Conference for systematic and progressive efforts to implement the treaty's disarmament provisions, representing a key outcome of that meeting.

Treaty On The Non-proliferation Of Nuclear Weapons Wiki: The NPT Framework: A Global Compact for Nuclear Stability

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Treaty Overview

Core Objective

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) is a landmark international agreement. Its primary objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, foster cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and advance the goal of nuclear disarmament and complete global disarmament. It represents a cornerstone of the international non-proliferation regime.

Timeline and Adoption

Negotiated by the United Nations-sponsored Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament in Geneva, the NPT was opened for signature in 1968 and entered into force on March 5, 1970. Following a review conference in May 1995, the treaty was extended indefinitely, reflecting its enduring significance.

Global Reach

The NPT boasts the largest adherence of any arms limitation and disarmament agreement, with 191 states as parties. This widespread acceptance underscores its central role in global security architecture. However, four UN member states have never joined: India, Israel, Pakistan, and South Sudan. North Korea, after acceding in 1985, announced its withdrawal in 2003.

Treaty Structure

Treaty Articles

The NPT comprises a preamble and eleven articles. While not explicitly stated within the treaty text, it is often interpreted as a system built upon three interconnected pillars:

Non-proliferation: Preventing the spread of nuclear weapons.
Disarmament: Pursuing nuclear disarmament by nuclear-weapon states.
Peaceful Use: Facilitating cooperation in the peaceful applications of nuclear energy.

These pillars are considered mutually reinforcing, with progress in one area supporting advancements in the others.

The Three Pillars

The treaty establishes a framework balancing the rights and responsibilities of signatory states. Non-nuclear-weapon states commit to foregoing nuclear weapons in exchange for access to peaceful nuclear technology and the assurance that nuclear-weapon states will pursue disarmament. This delicate balance is crucial for the treaty's effectiveness and legitimacy.

Nuclear Weapon States (NWS)

The NPT designates five states as nuclear-weapon states: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These are defined as states that manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device prior to January 1, 1967. These states hold specific obligations regarding non-proliferation and disarmament.

Pillars of the NPT

Pillar 1: Non-Proliferation

This pillar addresses the core objective of preventing the spread of nuclear weapons. Nuclear-weapon states (NWS) are prohibited from transferring nuclear weapons or related technology to any recipient or assisting non-nuclear-weapon states (NNWS) in their manufacture. NNWS parties pledge not to acquire nuclear weapons and to accept International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards to ensure their nuclear activities are solely for peaceful purposes.

Pillar 2: Disarmament

Article VI of the NPT obligates all parties to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to the cessation of the nuclear arms race, nuclear disarmament, and general and complete disarmament. This commitment is seen as a crucial element for the treaty's legitimacy and the participation of non-nuclear-weapon states.

Pillar 3: Peaceful Use

Article IV acknowledges the inalienable right of all parties to develop nuclear energy for peaceful purposes and to participate in the fullest possible exchange of nuclear technology and information. This pillar aims to foster international cooperation for peaceful applications, provided it aligns with non-proliferation obligations.

Historical Context

Genesis of the Treaty

The impetus for the NPT arose from concerns about the potential for widespread proliferation of nuclear weapons following the development of atomic bombs. The goal was to prevent a world with numerous nuclear-armed states, which was seen as a significant threat to global security. Early efforts, like President Eisenhower's "Atoms for Peace" proposal, laid the groundwork for international cooperation and control.

Negotiation and Entry into Force

Negotiated over several years by the Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament, the treaty was opened for signature on July 1, 1968. It entered into force on March 5, 1970, after ratification by the required number of states, including the depositary powers (Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and United States). The treaty's structure was designed to create a balance of obligations and benefits.

Indefinite Extension

As stipulated in Article X, a conference was held in May 1995 to decide on the treaty's future. In a significant consensus decision, the parties agreed to extend the NPT indefinitely. This extension reaffirmed the global commitment to the treaty's objectives, though debates about its implementation and effectiveness continue.

Treaty Parties

Global Adherence

As of August 2016, 191 states were parties to the NPT, making it one of the most widely ratified international treaties. This broad participation reflects a global consensus on the dangers of nuclear proliferation and the importance of nuclear disarmament.

Non-Parties

Four UN member states have never signed the treaty: India, Israel, Pakistan, and South Sudan. India, Israel, and Pakistan are known or presumed to possess nuclear weapons. South Sudan, founded in 2011, has not yet joined.

Withdrawals

North Korea is the only state to have announced its withdrawal from the NPT, doing so in 2003. This action followed disputes over compliance with IAEA safeguards and the Agreed Framework, and North Korea subsequently conducted its first nuclear test in 2006.

Key Articles

Article I & II: Non-Proliferation Commitments

Article I binds nuclear-weapon states (NWS) not to transfer nuclear weapons or related technology to any recipient and not to assist NNWS in acquiring them. Article II obligates NNWS parties not to receive, manufacture, or acquire nuclear weapons or seek assistance in their manufacture.

Article III: IAEA Safeguards

This article requires NNWS parties to accept safeguards administered by the IAEA. These safeguards verify that all nuclear material within their peaceful nuclear activities is not diverted to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.

Article VI: Disarmament Obligation

Article VI commits all parties to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures for cessation of the nuclear arms race, nuclear disarmament, and general and complete disarmament. This article is central to the treaty's balance and is often cited in discussions about the NWS's disarmament record.

Criticism and Responses

Perceived Imbalance

Critics argue that the NPT creates a discriminatory divide between nuclear "haves" and "have-nots." Concerns are frequently raised regarding the perceived slow pace of nuclear disarmament by the NWS, which some non-nuclear states believe violates their Article VI obligations. The treaty's distinction between NWS and NNWS, based on a 1967 cutoff, is also a point of contention.

Article IV Loophole

Some analysts suggest that Article IV, which guarantees the right to peaceful nuclear energy, contains a potential "loophole." The dissemination of enrichment and reprocessing technologies, while permitted for peaceful purposes, carries inherent proliferation risks as these technologies can produce fissile materials for weapons.

NWS Disarmament Efforts

In response to criticism, NWS point to significant reductions in their nuclear arsenals since the end of the Cold War. They highlight the dismantling of thousands of warheads and delivery systems, and efforts to reduce reliance on nuclear weapons. The U.S., for example, notes that its arsenal is now smaller than at any point since the Eisenhower administration.

Key Developments

Review Conferences

The NPT mandates review conferences every five years to assess its implementation. The 2000 conference adopted a Final Document outlining "13 steps" for disarmament. The 2010 conference was considered a success for reaching consensus, partly due to renewed U.S. commitment to non-proliferation. However, recent conferences, such as the 2022 meeting, have faced challenges in adopting final documents due to geopolitical tensions, notably concerning the war in Ukraine.

Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons

Adopted in 2017 and entering into force in 2021, the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) represents a complementary effort by many states to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons. While not universally adopted by nuclear-armed states or NPT NWS, it reflects a growing international sentiment for complete nuclear disarmament.

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References

UK 'prepared to use nuclear weapons' BBC article dated 20 March 2002

France 'would use nuclear arms', BBC article dated 19 January 2006

Chirac: Nuclear Response to Terrorism Is Possible, Washington Post article dated 20 January 2006

See, e.g., U.S. Director of Central Intelligence, Likelihood and Consequences of a Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Systems, declassified U.S. National Intelligence Estimate, NIE 4â63 (28 June 1963), at p.17, paragraph 40.

BBC (bbc.co.uk), 2 March 2006, US and India seal nuclear accord

IAEA Members Reject Israel Resolution, Kelsey Davenport, Arms Control Today, 2 October 2013.

International Atomic Energy Agency (iaea.org), May 2003, Fact Sheet on DPRK Nuclear Safeguards

BBC (news.bbc.co.uk), 3 October 2006, N Korea 'to conduct nuclear test'

Fact Sheet: Increasing Transparency in the U.S. Nuclear Weapons Stockpile, 3 May 2010.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This content has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It is based on publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely comprehensive, accurate, or up-to-date.

This is not professional advice. The information provided on this website does not constitute legal, security, or diplomatic advice. Always consult official documentation and qualified experts for specific guidance related to international treaties, nuclear policy, or security matters. Reliance on this information is solely at your own risk.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The NPT Framework

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Treaty Overview 🌍

📜 Core Objective

🗓️ Timeline and Adoption

🌐 Global Reach

Treaty Structure 🏛️

📄 Treaty Articles

⚖️ The Three Pillars

🤝 Nuclear Weapon States (NWS)

Pillars of the NPT ⚖️

🚫 Pillar 1: Non-Proliferation

🕊️ Pillar 2: Disarmament

💡 Pillar 3: Peaceful Use

Historical Context ⏳

📜 Genesis of the Treaty

🤝 Negotiation and Entry into Force

🔄 Indefinite Extension

Treaty Parties 🤝

🌍 Global Adherence

🚫 Non-Parties

↩️ Withdrawals

Key Articles 📄

➡️ Article I & II: Non-Proliferation Commitments

🛡️ Article III: IAEA Safeguards

⚖️ Article VI: Disarmament Obligation

Criticism and Responses ⚠️

❓ Perceived Imbalance

🔗 Article IV Loophole

⚖️ NWS Disarmament Efforts

Key Developments 📅

📈 Review Conferences

⚖️ Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

📜 References

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Treaty Overview

Core Objective

Timeline and Adoption

Global Reach

Treaty Structure

Treaty Articles

The Three Pillars

Nuclear Weapon States (NWS)

Pillars of the NPT

Pillar 1: Non-Proliferation

Pillar 2: Disarmament

Pillar 3: Peaceful Use

Historical Context

Genesis of the Treaty

Negotiation and Entry into Force

Indefinite Extension

Treaty Parties

Global Adherence

Non-Parties

Withdrawals

Key Articles

Article I & II: Non-Proliferation Commitments

Article III: IAEA Safeguards

Article VI: Disarmament Obligation

Criticism and Responses

Perceived Imbalance

Article IV Loophole

NWS Disarmament Efforts

Key Developments

Review Conferences

Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice