What is the full name and common name of the church located above the Spanish Steps in Rome?

The church is officially named the Church of Santissima Trinità dei Monti, but it is commonly referred to as Trinità dei Monti. In French, it is known as La Trinité-des-Monts.

What type of religious building is Trinità dei Monti, and what is its current affiliation?

Trinità dei Monti is a Roman Catholic late Renaissance titular church, which is part of a monastery complex. It is currently entrusted to the Emmanuel Community and is recognized as one of the five Francophone Catholic churches in Rome.

What historical event led to King Charles VIII of France acquiring land for the Trinità dei Monti monastery?

In 1494, King Charles VIII of France purchased a portion of the ancient Gardens of Lucullus from the papal scholar Ermolao Barbaro. This acquisition provided the land upon which the monastery complex would later be established.

Who authorized the establishment of the monastery on the land acquired by Charles VIII, and for whom was it intended?

Pope Alexander VI granted King Charles VIII the authorization to establish a monastery on the land. The monastery was intended for the French friars of the Minim Order, founded by Francis of Paola.

What was the motivation behind King Louis XII's construction of the church of Trinità dei Monti?

King Louis XII began the construction of the church of Trinità dei Monti in 1502 as a celebration of his successful invasion of the Kingdom of Naples. The church was built adjacent to the monastery established for the Minim Friars.

Who was Francois Jacquier, and what was his connection to the Trinità dei Monti community?

Francois Jacquier was a Minim friar, noted mathematician, and physicist. He was a member of the Trinità dei Monti community for a significant portion of his life.

How long did the Minim Friars retain possession of the Trinità dei Monti complex, and what significant period interrupted their stewardship?

The Minim Friars held possession of the church and monastery complex until 1828, with the exception of the period during the French Revolution. The complex suffered partial destruction in 1798 during this revolutionary period.

Following the departure of the Minim Friars, which religious congregation took charge of the Trinità dei Monti complex, and what was their primary mission?

In 1828, the complex was entrusted to the Religious of the Sacred Heart, a French religious congregation. Their mission was the Christian education of young women, particularly those from higher social strata.

What changes in administration occurred at Trinità dei Monti in the early 21st century?

The Religious of the Sacred Heart closed their school in 2006, leading to the complex being given to the Monastic Fraternities of Jerusalem. Subsequently, in 2016, the French bishops and government agreed to transfer the property to the newly founded Emmanuel Community.

What architectural styles were initially employed in the construction of Trinità dei Monti, and what style characterizes the present church?

The initial building work began in a French style featuring pointed late Gothic arches, though construction lagged. The present church, however, is built in the Italian Renaissance style.

When was the present Italian Renaissance church of Trinità dei Monti consecrated, and by whom?

The present Italian Renaissance church was consecrated in 1585 by Pope Sixtus V, who was known for his significant urban development projects in Rome.

Who is suggested as the possible architect of the Trinità dei Monti facade, and what other church shares similarities?

Wolfgang Lotz suggests that Giacomo della Porta, a follower of Michelangelo, may have designed the facade. The church of Sant'Atanasio dei Greci, also attributed to Della Porta, exhibits similarities.

Who designed the distinctive double staircase located in front of the Trinità dei Monti church?

The double staircase in front of the church was designed by Domenico Fontana.

What is the Obelisco Sallustiano, and where was it originally located?

The Obelisco Sallustiano is a Roman obelisk, constructed in imitation of Egyptian ones, which was originally erected in the early years of the Roman Empire for the Gardens of Sallust, located near the Porta Salaria. It was moved to its current location in front of Trinità dei Monti in 1789.

What historical event led to the looting of art and decorations from Trinità dei Monti, and who funded its restoration?

The church was looted of its art and decorations during the Napoleonic occupation of Rome. Following the Bourbon Restoration in France, King Louis XVIII funded the church's restoration.

What significant artistic works are found in the chapels on the right side of Trinità dei Monti?

In the first chapel on the right is Giambattista Naldini's 'Baptism of Christ' and scenes from the life of John the Baptist. The third chapel features Daniele da Volterra's 'Assumption of the Virgin,' which includes a portrait of Michelangelo. The fourth chapel, the Cappella Orsini, contains scenes of the 'Passion of Christ' by Paris Nogari and a funeral monument by Leonardo Sormani.

Which artists are associated with the frescoes in the Cappella Pucci and the second chapel on the left side of Trinità dei Monti?

The Cappella Pucci on the left features frescoes by Perino del Vaga, completed by Federico and Taddeo Zuccari in 1589. The second chapel on the left contains Daniele da Volterra's 'Deposition' flanked by frescoes from Pablo de Céspedes and Cesare Arbasia.

What is the 'Mater Admirabilis' fresco, and where is it located within the Trinità dei Monti complex?

The 'Mater Admirabilis' is a fresco depicting the Virgin Mary, painted in 1844 by Pauline Perdreau, a young French girl. It is reputed to be miraculous and is located in a niche along a corridor that opens onto the cloister.

What notable artworks adorn the monastery's refectory and cloister?

The refectory of the monastery features a frescoed ceiling by Andrea Pozzo. In the cloister, there is an astrolabes table, and along a corridor are anamorphosis frescoes by Emmanuel Maignan depicting 'St John on Patmos' and 'St Francis of Paola as a hermit'.

What is depicted in the anamorphosis frescoes by Emmanuel Maignan in the monastery corridor?

The anamorphosis frescoes by Emmanuel Maignan, created in 1637, depict 'St John on Patmos' and 'St Francis of Paola as a hermit.' These are examples of steeply sloping perspectives that require viewing from a specific point to be understood correctly.

What is the significance of Trinità dei Monti being a titular church?

Trinità dei Monti has been a titular church since 1587, with the title 'Titulus Santissimae Trinitatis in Monte Pincio.' This designation means it is a church designated to be held by a Cardinal Priest, and historically, this title has been held by French Cardinals.

Who is the current Cardinal Priest of Trinità dei Monti as of 2010, and what is his other significant role?

As of 2010, the Cardinal Priest of Trinità dei Monti is Philippe Barbarin, who also serves as the Archbishop of Lyon and Primate of the Gauls.

What was the purpose of entrusting the Trinità dei Monti church and monastery to the Society of the Sacred Heart in 1828?

According to the Diplomatic Conventions of 1828 between the Holy See and the Government of France, the church and monastery were entrusted to the 'Religieuses du Sacré-Cœur de Jésus' (Society of the Sacred Heart) specifically for the purpose of educating young girls.

Which monastic order was entrusted with the Trinità dei Monti complex in 2006?

From September 1, 2006, the Church, Convent, and school of Trinità dei Monti were entrusted to the Monastic Fraternities of Jerusalem, following the withdrawal of the Society of the Sacred Heart.

What is the role of the Emmanuel Community concerning Trinità dei Monti?

Since 2016, the care of the Trinità dei Monti complex has been entrusted to the Emmanuel Community, following an agreement between the Holy See and the French Government. This community is part of the charismatic movement.

What is the 'Obelisco Sallustiano' and its connection to Egyptian obelisks?

The Obelisco Sallustiano is a Roman obelisk that imitates Egyptian obelisks. It was originally constructed for the Gardens of Sallust and was later moved to its current location in front of Trinità dei Monti in 1789.

Whose works are featured in the first chapel on the right side of Trinità dei Monti?

The first chapel on the right side of Trinità dei Monti features the 'Baptism of Christ' and other scenes from the life of John the Baptist, painted by the Florentine Mannerist painter Giambattista Naldini.

What artwork by Daniele da Volterra is located in the third chapel on the right, and who is depicted in it?

In the third chapel on the right, Daniele da Volterra created an 'Assumption of the Virgin.' The figure on the far right of this painting is said to be a portrait of the artist Michelangelo.

Who painted the 'Crucifixion' canvas found in a chapel near the high altar of Trinità dei Monti?

The 'Crucifixion' canvas located in a chapel near the high altar of Trinità dei Monti was painted by Cesare Nebbia.

What frescoes by Taddeo Zuccari are located in the sacristy anteroom of Trinità dei Monti?

In the sacristy anteroom of Trinità dei Monti, Taddeo Zuccari painted frescoes including a 'Coronation of the Virgin,' an 'Annunciation,' and a 'Visitation.'

What is depicted in the fresco known as 'Mater Admirabilis' and who painted it?

The fresco known as 'Mater Admirabilis' depicts the Virgin Mary. It was painted in 1844 by Pauline Perdreau, a young French girl, and is considered miraculous.

What is the significance of the 'anamorphic frescoes' found in the monastery corridor?

The anamorphosis frescoes, painted by Emmanuel Maignan in 1637, depict 'St John on Patmos' and 'St Francis of Paola as a hermit.' They are notable for their steeply sloping perspectives, which require viewing from a specific vantage point to create a coherent image.

What is the historical significance of the church being entrusted to French religious congregations for much of its history?

The church and monastery were originally founded by French royalty and maintained patronage from French kings until the French Revolution. The subsequent congregations entrusted with its care, such as the Religious of the Sacred Heart and the Emmanuel Community, have also been French, reinforcing a long-standing French connection to the site.

What is the 'Titulus Santissimae Trinitatis in Monte Pincio' and its historical role?

The 'Titulus Santissimae Trinitatis in Monte Pincio' is the designation for Trinità dei Monti as a titular church, established by Pope Sixtus V in 1587. This title signifies that the church is associated with a Cardinal Priest, and historically, these cardinals have been French.

What is the 'Obelisco Sallustiano' and where was it originally located?

The Obelisco Sallustiano is a Roman obelisk that was created in imitation of Egyptian ones. It was originally constructed for the Gardens of Sallust near the Porta Salaria and was relocated to its current position in front of Trinità dei Monti in 1789.

Which artists contributed to the frescoes in the Cappella Pucci?

The frescoes in the Cappella Pucci were originally started by Perino del Vaga in 1537 and were later finished by Federico and Taddeo Zuccari in 1589.

What is the architectural style of the church's facade, and who is credited with its design?

The facade of Trinità dei Monti is in the Italian Renaissance style. While not definitively known, Giacomo della Porta, a follower of Michelangelo, is suggested by Wolfgang Lotz as the possible architect.

What is the significance of the church being a 'national church' for Francophone Catholics in Rome?

Being a 'national church' for Francophone Catholics means that Trinità dei Monti serves as a spiritual center for French-speaking Catholic communities in Rome. This role reflects the historical and ongoing ties between France and the church.

Trinit U00e0 Dei Monti Wiki: Trinità dei Monti: A Renaissance Jewel Above Rome

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Introduction

The Church of Santissima Trinità dei Monti

The Church of Santissima Trinità dei Monti, commonly known as Trinità dei Monti, stands as a significant Roman Catholic titular church and monastery complex in Rome. Its prominent location atop the Spanish Steps, overlooking the Piazza di Spagna, makes it a landmark of historical and architectural importance. Originally established for French friars, it has served various religious communities throughout its history and remains a testament to Franco-Italian ecclesiastical relations in the city.

Strategic Location

Perched on the Pincian Hill, the church commands a breathtaking vista. It is intrinsically linked to the iconic Spanish Steps, which descend from its forecourt to the bustling Piazza di Spagna below. This strategic positioning has cemented its place not only in religious history but also in the cultural and urban landscape of Rome.

Franco-Italian Heritage

As one of the Francophone Catholic churches in Rome, Trinità dei Monti embodies a rich connection between France and the Holy See. Its foundation and patronage have historically involved French monarchs, reflecting a long-standing relationship that continues to shape its administration and identity.

Historical Trajectory

Royal Foundations and Early Construction

The origins of Trinità dei Monti trace back to 1494 when King Charles VIII of France acquired a portion of the ancient Gardens of Lucullus. He secured papal authorization from Pope Alexander VI to establish a monastery for the Minim Order, founded by Saint Francis of Paola. This initiative was partly in honor of the saint, who had previously been summoned to France by King Louis XI. In 1502, King Louis XII commenced the construction of the church adjacent to the monastery, commemorating his successful campaign in the Kingdom of Naples.

Shifting Custodianship

The church and monastery remained under the care of the Minim Friars until the tumultuous period of the French Revolution. Following extensive damage, the complex was entrusted in 1828 to the Religious of the Sacred Heart, a French congregation dedicated to the education of young women. In 2006, the responsibility transitioned to the Monastic Fraternities of Jerusalem. Since 2016, the complex has been under the stewardship of the Emmanuel Community, a movement within the Charismatic Renewal.

Napoleonic Era and Restoration

During the Napoleonic occupation of Rome, the church, like many others, suffered significant looting of its artistic treasures. Following the Bourbon Restoration in France, King Louis XVIII sponsored the restoration of the church in 1816, underscoring its continued importance to French ecclesiastical interests.

Architectural Evolution

From Gothic Roots to Renaissance Flourish

Initial construction began with elements reflecting a French Gothic style, characterized by pointed arches. However, the project experienced delays. The current structure is a testament to Italian Renaissance architecture. Pope Sixtus V, known for his urban development projects, consecrated the church in 1585. His ambitious plan included the creation of the Via Sistina, connecting the Piazza della Trinità dei Monti directly to Piazza Barberini.

Facade and Staircase Design

The architect of the church's facade remains a subject of scholarly discussion. Architectural historian Wolfgang Lotz proposed Giacomo della Porta, a follower of Michelangelo, as a potential designer, citing similarities with Sant'Atanasio dei Greci. The distinctive double staircase leading down to Piazza di Spagna was designed by Domenico Fontana, further enhancing the church's monumental presence.

The Obelisco Sallustiano

In front of the church stands the Obelisco Sallustiano, a Roman obelisk erected in imitation of Egyptian originals. Originally commissioned for the Gardens of Sallust during the early Roman Empire, it was relocated to its current position in 1789. Its hieroglyphic inscriptions were modeled after those found on the Flaminio Obelisk in Piazza del Popolo.

Artistic Interior

Masterpieces in the Chapels

The interior of Trinità dei Monti houses significant works of art, primarily from the Mannerist and Baroque periods. The first chapel on the right features works depicting scenes from the life of John the Baptist by the Florentine painter Giambattista Naldini. The third chapel on the right contains an Assumption of the Virgin attributed to Daniele da Volterra, a pupil of Michelangelo, with the figure on the far right reputedly a portrait of the master himself.

Notable Frescoes and Monuments

The Cappella Orsini, the fourth chapel on the right, showcases scenes of the Passion of Christ by Paris Nogari and a funeral monument for Cardinal Rodolfo Pio da Carpi sculpted by Leonardo Sormani. Near the high altar, Cesare Nebbia contributed a canvas depicting the Crucifixion. On the left side, the Cappella Pucci contains frescoes by Perino del Vaga, completed by Federico and Taddeo Zuccari. The second chapel on the left is notable for Daniele da Volterra's renowned canvas, the Deposition, flanked by frescoes from artists like Pablo de Césspedes.

The Mater Admirabilis

Within a niche leading to the cloister, a revered fresco known as the Mater Admirabilis depicts the Virgin Mary. Painted in 1844 by Pauline Perdreau, a young French girl, it is considered miraculous by many faithful observers.

Monastic Complex Details

Refectory and Cloister

The monastery's refectory is adorned with a frescoed ceiling executed by the renowned Jesuit architect and artist Andrea Pozzo. The cloister itself features an astrolabes table, a historical astronomical instrument, reflecting the intellectual pursuits associated with monastic life.

Anamorphic Frescoes

A corridor opening onto the cloister contains remarkable anamorphosis frescoes by Emmanuel Maignan, created in 1637. These works employ steep perspectives, requiring viewing from specific vantage points to achieve their intended pictorial sense. They depict scenes such as St John on Patmos and St Francis of Paola as a hermit. An upper room was further decorated with ruinous scenes by Charles-Louis Clériseau.

Religious Administration

Titular Church Status

Trinità dei Monti has held the status of a titular church since Pope Sixtus V established the Titulus Santissimae Trinitatis in Monte Pincio in 1587. This designation means it is assigned to a Cardinal Priest, who traditionally holds the title. Historically, this role has been predominantly held by French Cardinals, reinforcing the church's connection to France.

List of Cardinal Priests

The following individuals have served as Cardinal Priests of Trinità dei Monti:

Charles de Lorraine (1587)
François de Joyeuse (1587–1594)
Pierre de Gondi (1594–1616)
Denis-Simon de Marquemont (1626)
Alphonse-Louis du Plessis de Richelieu, O.Cart. (1635–1653)
Antonio Barberini (1653–1655)
Girolamo Grimaldi-Cavalleroni (1655–1675)
César d'Estrées (1675–1698)
Pierre du Cambout (1700–1706)
Joseph-Emmanuel de La Trémoille (1706–1720)
Armand Gaston Maximilien de Rohan de Soubise (1721–1749)
Vacant (1749–1753)
Clemente Argenvilliers (1753–1758)
Pietro Girolamo Guglielmi (1759–1773)
Bernardino Giraud (1773–1782)
Giovanni de Gregorio (1785–1791)
Jean-Siffrein Maury (1794–1817)
Vacant (1817–1823)
Anne-Antoine-Jules de Clermont-Tonnerre (1823–1830)
Louis-François de Rohan-Chabot (1831–1833)
Joachim-Jean-Xavier d'Isoard (1833–1839)
Louis-Jacques-Maurice de Bonald (1842–1870)
Vacant (1870–1874)
René-François Régnier (1874–1881)
Louis-Marie Caverot (1884–1887)
Victor-Félix Bernadou (1887–1891)
Guillaume-René Meignan (1893–1896)
Jean-Pierre Boyer (1896)
Pierre-Hector Coullié (1898–1912)
Hector Sévin (1914–1916)
Louis-Joseph Maurin (1916–1936)
Pierre-Marie Gerlier (1937–1965)
Jean-Marie Villot (1965–1974)
Alexandre Renard (1976–1983)
Albert Decourtray (1985–1994)
Pierre Éyt (1994–2001)
Louis-Marie Billé (2001–2002)
Philippe Barbarin (2003–Present)

Artistic Gallery

Nave and Altar

The central nave provides access to the chapels and the high altar. The architectural lines and decorative elements contribute to the solemn atmosphere of the church's interior.

Notable Depictions

The gallery showcases significant artworks, including depictions of the Assumption of the Virgin and the Descent from the Cross, attributed to artists like Daniele da Volterra. These pieces are central to the church's artistic heritage.

Mater Admirabilis

The fresco known as Mater Admirabilis, representing the Virgin Mary, is a revered artwork housed within the monastery complex, drawing spiritual significance and attention.

Scholarly References

Source Citations

The information presented herein is derived from scholarly and reputable sources, meticulously cataloged for academic rigor. These references underpin the factual basis of this exploration.

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References

V. Forcella, Inscrizioni delle chese e d' altre edifici di Roma, dal secolo XI fino al secolo XVI Volume III (Roma: Fratelli Bencini, 1873), pp. 104â170. [in Italian and Latin]

Catholic Hierarchy

A full list of references for this article are available at the Trinità dei Monti Wikipedia page

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This page has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes exclusively. The content is synthesized from publicly available data, primarily Wikipedia, and while efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and comprehensiveness, it may not be entirely exhaustive or reflect the most current information.

This content does not constitute professional advice. The information provided is not a substitute for expert consultation in history, art history, architecture, or religious studies. Users should consult with qualified professionals for specific inquiries or academic research.

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Trinità dei Monti: A Renaissance Jewel Above Rome

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Introduction ℹ️

⛪ The Church of Santissima Trinità dei Monti

📍 Strategic Location

🇫🇷🇮🇹 Franco-Italian Heritage

Historical Trajectory 📜

👑 Royal Foundations and Early Construction

🔄 Shifting Custodianship

🏛️ Napoleonic Era and Restoration

Architectural Evolution 🏛️

🏗️ From Gothic Roots to Renaissance Flourish

🎨 Facade and Staircase Design

🗿 The Obelisco Sallustiano

Artistic Interior 🎨

🖼️ Masterpieces in the Chapels

✨ Notable Frescoes and Monuments

🙏 The Mater Admirabilis

Monastic Complex Details 🌳

🍽️ Refectory and Cloister

🖼️ Anamorphic Frescoes

Religious Administration 👑

📜 Titular Church Status

👨‍💼 List of Cardinal Priests

Artistic Gallery 🖼️

🏛️ Nave and Altar

🎨 Notable Depictions

🙏 Mater Admirabilis

Scholarly References 📚

📖 Source Citations

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

📜 References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Introduction

The Church of Santissima Trinità dei Monti

Strategic Location

Franco-Italian Heritage

Historical Trajectory

Royal Foundations and Early Construction

Shifting Custodianship

Napoleonic Era and Restoration

Architectural Evolution

From Gothic Roots to Renaissance Flourish

Facade and Staircase Design

The Obelisco Sallustiano

Artistic Interior

Masterpieces in the Chapels

Notable Frescoes and Monuments

The Mater Admirabilis

Monastic Complex Details

Refectory and Cloister

Anamorphic Frescoes

Religious Administration

Titular Church Status

List of Cardinal Priests

Artistic Gallery

Nave and Altar

Notable Depictions

Mater Admirabilis

Scholarly References

Source Citations

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice