Who are the Turkish Roma, and by what other names are they known?

The Turkish Roma are Muslim Romani people, specifically Horahane, who have assimilated into Turkish culture over centuries. They are also referred to as Turkish Gypsy, Türk Çingeneler, Turski Tsigani, Turkogifti, Țigani turci, Török Cigányok, and Turci Cigani.

What motivated the Turkish Roma to adopt Turkish culture and language?

The Turkish Roma adopted Turkish culture and the Turkish language primarily to establish a Turkish identity, seeking greater recognition from the host population. This often involved denying their Romani background to emphasize their Turkishness.

What challenges do Turkish Roma face despite their assimilation into Turkish communities?

Despite being allowed to live in Turkish communities and often declaring themselves as Turks during population censuses, the Turkish Roma still face economic discrimination and conflicting views among Turks. Additionally, Christian Romani groups do not consider them part of Romani society.

What are the religious affiliations and practices of the Turkish Roma?

The Turkish Roma are cultural Muslims who have adopted Sunni Islam of the Hanafi madhab. They also practice religious male circumcision, a tradition adopted during the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate and Ottoman Empire periods.

Who was Mansur ibn Yakub Han, and what is his significance to the Turkish Roma?

Mansur ibn Yakub Han, known as Çingene Han, was a legendary leader of the Turkish Roma. He built a karavansaray, a roadside inn for travelers, in Malatya in 1224, which remains visible as a ruin today. He is buried in the Ulu Mosque in Malatya.

What historical accounts mention the presence of musicians from India in Persia, potentially linked to Romani origins?

Hamza al-Isfahani and Ferdowsi both wrote about 12,000 musicians from India who were brought to Persia by Bahram Gur, an ancient Sasanian king, suggesting an early migration of groups with musical traditions.

What was the linguistic situation of these early Muslim Gypsies in Istanbul?

These Muslim Gypsies in Istanbul primarily spoke Turkish, incorporating only a very small number of Romani words into their jargon, indicating a significant degree of linguistic assimilation.

Describe the migration pattern of the Turkish Roma during the Ottoman Empire.

During the Ottoman Empire, the Turkish Roma migrated from Anatolia to the Marmara Region and eventually settled in the Balkans, spreading their presence across these territories.

What did Greek Doctor A. G. Paspati observe about the language and intermarriage of Turks and Roma in 1860?

In his 1860 book, A. G. Paspati stated that Turks frequently married Romani women, and as a result, the Rumelian Romani dialect was nearly lost among the Muslim Turkish Roma, who had fully adopted the Turkish language.

How did Ernest Gilliat-Smith describe the Turkish Roma in Bulgaria in 1915?

Ernest Gilliat-Smith noted in 1915 that the Turkish Roma in Bulgaria did not speak the Romani language and appeared more like very poor Turks than Romani people, highlighting their cultural and linguistic assimilation.

What term did French orientalist Henri Bourgeois use for the Turkish Roma, and what newspaper is mentioned in this context?

Henri Bourgeois referred to the Turkish Roma as 'Pseudo Chingiane,' meaning 'false Gypsies.' He specifically mentioned the newspaper Laço, which was published in 1910 by Emin Resa.

What historical practice in the Ottoman Empire led some non-Romani families to adopt a 'Gypsy' identity?

In the Ottoman Empire, some families who considered military service risky and wished to avoid sending their sons as soldiers adopted a 'Gypsy' (Coptic) identity for population registration. This was because Gypsies were not recruited as combatants until 1874, after which these families continued to be recorded as Gypsies.

Were there instances of non-Romani groups being misclassified as 'Gypsies' or 'Tatars' in Bulgaria?

Yes, in the past, certain groups of Turks in Bulgaria were classified as 'Gypsies' or 'Tatars,' indicating a historical tendency for misclassification of minority groups.

Where are the main communities of Turkish Roma located today?

The majority of Turkish Roma reside in Turkey, with significant communities also found in Bulgaria, Western Thrace in Greece, North Macedonia, Northern Cyprus, Dobruja in Romania, and Kosovo.

What is the term used for Turkish Roma in East Thrace, Turkey, and what does it mean?

In East Thrace, Turkey, Turkish Roma are called Şopar. The meaning of this name originates from the Rumelian Romani dialect and carries various interpretations.

How are Muslim Turkish Roma in Dobruja, Romania, viewed by Romanian Christian Roma groups?

In Dobruja, Romania, the small Muslim Turkish Roma community, descendants of Muslim Roma who intermingled with Turks during the Ottoman Empire, are regarded by Romanian Christian Roma groups simply as 'Turks' (a term used for Muslims) and are considered distinct from them.

What are the names given to Muslim Roma in Western Thrace, Greece, who speak Turkish?

In Western Thrace, Greece, Muslim Roma in cities like Alexandroupoli, Komotini, and Xanthi are referred to as Turko-Gifti. Specific groups among them, such as Sepečides, Sevljara, and Kalpazaja, are Turkish-speaking.

What is the origin of the name 'Divanjoldjije' for a Turkish Roma community in Kosovo?

The Divanjoldjije, a Turkish Roma community in Kosovo, are named after their original settlement, Divanyolu Street in Istanbul, from where they migrated and settled in Pristina during the Ottoman Kosovo period.

How have Romanlar from Turkey integrated into European countries like Germany and Austria?

Romanlar from Turkey who migrated to Germany, Austria, and other European countries as Gastarbeiter (guest workers) have become fully assimilated within the broader Turkish communities in Europe.

Where do Turkish Gypsies live in North Macedonia, and what happened to some families between 1953 and 1968?

Turkish Gypsies live in cities such as Skopje, Kočani, Štip, and Veles in North Macedonia, residing alongside the host population rather than in separate Romani quarters. Several families emigrated to Turkey between 1953 and 1968, and their descendants are fully accepted as Turks.

What happened to Turkish Roma from Bulgaria, known as Usta Millet and Mehter, after Bulgaria joined the European Union?

After Bulgaria became a member of the European Union, Turkish Roma, including those identifying as Usta Millet and Mehter, migrated to Western Europe as workers. Many of these Turkish Roma men married Polish women, and their offspring are referred to as Melezi, a Turkish loanword meaning 'half-blood'.

How do Bulgarian Muslim Roma youth in Berlin primarily self-identify?

A study on the self-identification of Bulgarian Muslim Roma youth in Berlin revealed that 97% pretend to be Turkish, while only 3% identify as Romani, indicating a strong preference for Turkish identity.

During which historical conflicts did Muslim Roma flee to Istanbul and East Thrace as Muhacir?

Muslim Roma, along with other Muslim groups, fled to Istanbul and East Thrace as Muhacir (immigrants or refugees) during the Greek War of Independence, the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), and the Balkan Wars (1912–1913).

What happened to Muslim Turkish Roma from Greece during the population exchange between Greece and Turkey?

During the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, Muslim Turkish Roma from Greece were also resettled in Turkey. In Turkish, they are known as Mübadil Romanlar, referring to their status as exchangees.

Under what agreement did Turkish gypsies from the Veliko Tarnovo district in Bulgaria emigrate to Turkey?

According to the 1925 Convention between Bulgaria and Turkey, Muslims were permitted to leave Bulgaria. A specific example of this involved Turkish gypsies from the Veliko Tarnovo district, who were registered as 'Turks' by nationality in Bulgarian records and subsequently emigrated to Turkey.

When and where did Muslim Turkish Roma from Bulgaria settle in Turkey?

Between 1950 and 1951, Muslim Turkish Roma from Bulgaria migrated to Turkey and settled in Çanakkale and its surrounding areas.

During what period did Muslim Turkish Roma from Yugoslavia emigrate to Turkey?

Muslim Turkish Roma from Yugoslavia emigrated to Turkey between 1953 and 1968, as part of a broader migration wave.

How have the Xoraxaya, or Muslim Roma from Turkey and southeastern Europe, established their culture in the USA?

The Xoraxaya, Muslim Roma from Turkey and southeastern Europe, have established their culture in the USA by founding Turkish Roma dance (Roman Havasi) clubs, and they are also referred to as Turkish Romany.

What percentage of Turkish Roma in Turkey exhibit the Haplogroup M (mtDNA) in genetic studies?

Genetic studies in Turkey indicate that 26.5% of the Turkish Roma population carries the Haplogroup M (mtDNA), which is a mitochondrial DNA haplogroup often used to trace maternal lineages.

What do the Y-DNA haplogroups L and H suggest about the paternal lineage of Turkish Roma?

The presence of a small percentage of Y-DNA L and H haplogroups in Turkish Roma indicates a Proto Romani paternal line. This is because other Y-DNA haplogroups found are also common in non-Romani men, suggesting a mixed heritage.

How does the genetic data support A. G. Paspati's historical statement about the Turkish Roma?

The genetic data, showing a mixture of peoples from different backgrounds in the Ottoman Empire and the presence of both Romani and non-Romani Y-DNA haplogroups, confirms Paspati's 1860 statement regarding the intermingling of Turks and Roma.

What is the significance of 'Romani cuisine' in Turkey regarding the history of Turkish Romani people?

The existence of 'Romani cuisine' in Turkey serves as important evidence that Turkish Romani people have inhabited Anatolia since ancient times, and their culinary culture has significantly influenced the rich cuisine of Anatolia.

What are the distinctive characteristics of Turkish Roma music and dance?

Turkish Roma music is particularly known for its special 9/8 rhythm, which gives it a unique feel. Their cultural performances also prominently feature belly dance.

What are two notable cultural festivals or beliefs of the Turkish Roma?

Two notable aspects of Turkish Roma culture include the Kakava festival, which is celebrated in Edirne, and the belief in a savior figure known as Baba Fingo.

Describe the typical marriage customs among Turkish Roma regarding age and family ties.

Turkish Roma typically marry their relatives at a young age, with boys usually marrying between 15 and 19 years old, and girls between 13 and 17 years old.

Is polygamy common among Turkish Roma, and if so, to what extent?

Polygamy is widespread among Turkish Roma, and it is not uncommon for a man to have multiple wives, sometimes up to 7-11.

How is morality regarding sexual behavior defined for Turkish Roma men and women, particularly outside of marriage?

The morality of behavior among Turkish Roma depends on the social standing of the partner, rather than gender itself. Both women and young men are considered normal objects of desire, but outside of marriage, a man is expected to act on his desires only with non-Romani women.

What is the cultural view on homosexual sex among Turkish Roma, and what term is used for a specific role?

Among Turkish Roma, homosexual sex is considered acceptable as long as one is the penetrator or 'active' partner. However, a man who is penetrated by another man is seen as gay and is called 'Bujashi,' a view adopted from Turkish culture.

From what historical period was the practice of pederasty adopted by Turkish Roma culture?

The practice of pederasty, involving an older man and a younger one, was adopted into Turkish Roma culture from the Ottoman period.

What is a common aspiration for oil wrestlers of Turkish Roma descent?

It is common for oil wrestlers to be of Turkish Roma descent, and they often pursue this sport with the hope of escaping from their difficult circumstances or misery.

Describe the male circumcision ceremony among Turkish Roma, including the age and the role of the 'kirvo'.

Turkish Roma boys are typically circumcised between the ages of 3 and 7, accompanied by a festival known as bijav sunet. A 'kirvo,' or godfather, plays a very important role in this ceremony, providing support to the boy.

What unique form of Islam has developed in the Western Balkans, including among Romani people?

Over time, a unique form of Islam, referred to as 'Romani Islam,' has developed in the Western Balkans, reflecting the distinct cultural and religious practices of Romani communities in the region.

Which Sufi order was established by Romani people in Üsküdar, Turkey?

An indigenous Romani Sufi Order, known as the Gulsheni Sezai order, was established in Üsküdar, Turkey, demonstrating a unique spiritual expression within the community.

What religious shift has occurred among some Turkish Roma in Bulgaria since the 1990s?

Since the 1990s, a segment of the Turkish Roma population in Bulgaria has converted to evangelical Christianity, influenced by the efforts of evangelical Christian missionaries.

Turkish Roma Wiki: Echoes of Anatolia: The Enduring Saga of Turkish Roma Identity

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Identity

Self-Turkification and Assimilation

The Turkish Roma, also known by various names such as Turkish Gypsy or Horahane, represent a distinct group of Muslim Roma who have undergone a profound process of self-Turkification and cultural assimilation over several centuries. This process involved adopting Turkish culture, including the Turkish language, and embracing Sunni Islam of the Hanafi madhab, alongside practices like religious male circumcision. This assimilation was often a strategic choice, enabling them to establish a Turkish identity to gain greater recognition within the host population.

Navigating Dual Identities

Historically, many Turkish Roma have consciously denied their Romani background, choosing to declare themselves as Turks during population censuses to express their Turkishness. While they have generally been permitted to reside within Turkish communities as Turks, they frequently encounter economic discrimination. Interestingly, Christian Romani communities often do not recognize Turkish Roma as part of broader Romani society, highlighting the complex layers of identity and belonging within these groups.

The Legacy of Çingene Han

A significant figure in the legendary history of the Turkish Roma is Mansur ibn Yakub Han, famously known as Çingene Han. Historical accounts attribute to him the construction of a caravanserai in Malatya in 1224, the ruins of which are still visible today. Mansur bin Yakup Han is also said to be interred in the Ulu Mosque in Malatya, underscoring his enduring cultural and historical importance to the community.

History

Ancient Roots and Early Migrations

The historical narrative of the Romani people often traces back to India. Ancient chroniclers like Hamza al-Isfahani and Ferdowsi documented the migration of approximately 12,000 musicians from India to Persia, brought by Bahram Gur. This historical movement is often cited as a foundational event in the broader Romani diaspora, setting the stage for their eventual presence in Anatolia and beyond.

Ottoman Era Integration

During the Ottoman Empire, the integration of Romani communities into Turkish society saw significant developments. Following the conquest of Istanbul in 1453, Mehmed II relocated Muslim Gypsies from Balat to Istanbul. Their descendants subsequently became renowned musicians, contributing to the rich cultural tapestry of the city. These communities primarily spoke Turkish, with only a minimal retention of Romani vocabulary in their jargon, indicating early linguistic assimilation.

The migration patterns continued, with these groups moving from Anatolia to the Marmara Region and eventually settling in the Balkans during the Ottoman period. A. G. Paspati, a Greek physician, noted in 1860 that intermarriage between Turks and Roma women was common, leading to the near-complete loss of the Rumelian Romani dialect among Muslim Turkish Roma, who had become entirely Turkish-speaking.

Shifting Identities and Perceptions

The perception and self-identification of Turkish Roma have been fluid. Ernest Gilliat-Smith observed in 1915 that Turkish Roma in Bulgaria did not speak Romani and were often perceived as impoverished Turks rather than Romani people. The French orientalist Henri Bourgeois even referred to some Turkish Roma as "Pseudo Chingiane." A curious historical phenomenon involved some non-Romani families in the Ottoman Empire adopting a "Gypsy (Coptic)" identity to evade military conscription until 1874, a practice they continued in records even after equal rights were granted to Muslim Roma. This historical context also saw some Turkish groups in Bulgaria being categorized as "Gypsies" or "Tatars," illustrating the complex and sometimes arbitrary nature of ethnic classification.

Migration

Core Settlements and Regional Variations

While the majority of Turkish Roma reside in Turkey, significant communities are also found across the Balkans, including Bulgaria, Greece (particularly Western Thrace), North Macedonia, and Northern Cyprus, with smaller populations in Romania (Dobruja) and Kosovo. In East Thrace, Turkey, they are often referred to as "Şopar," a term derived from Rumelian Romani with various interpretations.

Diaspora Across Europe and Beyond

The migratory history of Turkish Roma extends beyond the immediate region. A small Muslim Turkish Roma community in Dobruja, Romania, comprises descendants of those who intermingled with Turks during the Ottoman Empire. These groups are often distinguished from Romanian Christian Roma, who simply refer to them as "Turks." In Western Thrace, Greece, Turkish-speaking Muslim Roma are known as "Turko-Gifti," encompassing subgroups like Sepečides, Sevljara, and Kalpazaja. Turkish-speaking Gypsies in Northern Cyprus also share close ties with their counterparts in Turkey and West Thrace.

Kosovo: The Divanjoldjije community in Kosovo is named after Divanyolu Street in Istanbul, their original settlement before relocating to Pristina during the Ottoman Kosovo period.
Western Europe: Turkish Romanlar who migrated to Germany, Austria, and other European countries as "Gastarbeiter" (guest workers) have largely assimilated within the broader Turkish diaspora in Europe.
North Macedonia: Turkish Gypsies in cities like Skopje, Kočani, Štip, and Veles live integrated within the host population rather than in separate Roma quarters. Many families emigrated to Turkey between 1953 and 1968, and their descendants are fully accepted as Turks.
Bulgaria to Western Europe: Since Bulgaria's entry into the European Union, Turkish Roma, including groups like the Usta Millet and Mehter, have migrated to Western Europe for work. A notable trend includes Turkish Roma men marrying Polish women, with their mixed-heritage offspring referred to as "Melezi," a Turkish loanword meaning "half-blood." A study on Bulgarian Muslim Roma youth in Berlin indicated that 97% identified as Turkish, while only 3% identified as Romani.

Forced Migrations and Exchanges

Periods of conflict and political upheaval significantly shaped Turkish Roma migration. During the Greek War of Independence, the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), and the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), Muslim Roma, alongside other Muslim groups, sought refuge in Istanbul and East Thrace as "Muhacir" (immigrants). The population exchange between Greece and Turkey also led to the resettlement of Muslim Turkish Roma from Greece into Turkey, where they are known as "Mübadil Romanlar." Similarly, under the 1925 Convention between Bulgaria and Turkey, many Muslim Turkish Gypsies from the Veliko Tarnovo district, officially registered as "Turks," emigrated to Turkey. Further waves of migration saw Muslim Turkish Roma from Bulgaria settling in Çanakkale in 1950–1951, and from Yugoslavia to Turkey between 1953 and 1968. Even in the USA, Xoraxaya (Muslim Roma from Turkey and Southeastern Europe) have established Turkish Roma dance (Roman Havasi) clubs, often identifying as "Turkish Romany."

Culture

Festivals and Beliefs

The cultural landscape of Turkish Roma is rich with unique traditions and beliefs. The annual Kakava festival, celebrated notably in Edirne, is a vibrant expression of Romani culture. Central to their spiritual heritage is the belief in a savior figure known as Baba Fingo, whose story and significance are woven into their communal practices and folklore.

Family and Social Norms

Traditional family structures and social customs play a pivotal role in Turkish Roma society. It is common for individuals to marry relatives at a relatively young age, with boys typically marrying between 15 and 19 years old, and girls between 13 and 17. Polygamy is also a widespread practice, with some men having multiple wives, sometimes up to 7-11. The community's moral framework often assesses behavior based on the social standing of the partner rather than gender alone. While both women and young men are considered objects of desire, a man's extramarital desires are traditionally expected to be pursued only with non-Romani women.

Rituals and Aspirations

Male circumcision is a significant rite of passage, typically performed on boys between the ages of 3 and 7, accompanied by a celebratory festival known as "bijav sunet." A "kirvo," or godfather, holds a crucial role, providing support to the boy during the circumcision ceremony. Beyond these rituals, some Turkish Roma men, particularly oil wrestlers, pursue this physically demanding sport as a means to transcend their socio-economic challenges, hoping to find a path out of hardship.

Genetics

Unpacking Genetic Markers

Genetic studies provide insights into the ancestral origins and admixture of the Turkish Roma population. Analysis of Y-DNA haplogroups in Turkey reveals a diverse genetic landscape. While a significant portion of the population exhibits haplogroups such as I2a (20%), J2a (18.4%), R2a (17.1%), O3-M122 (15.6%), R1b (14.9%), E1b (14.3%), R1a (12.1%), and C-RPS4Y (8.5%), the presence of Y-DNA L (4.21%) and H (0.57%) is particularly indicative of Proto-Romani paternal lineages.

Admixture and Ancestral Confirmation

The relatively low percentages of Y-DNA L and H, coupled with the prevalence of other haplogroups also found in non-Romani men, suggest a history of genetic admixture. This genetic evidence corroborates historical observations, such as A. G. Paspati's statement from 1860, which highlighted the intermingling of various peoples within the Ottoman Empire. Additionally, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis indicates that 26.5% of the Turkish Roma population carries Haplogroup M, further contributing to the understanding of their complex genetic heritage.

Cuisine

A Culinary Heritage

The "Romani cuisine" in Turkey serves as compelling evidence of the long-standing presence of Turkish Romani communities in Anatolia since ancient times. This culinary tradition is not merely a collection of recipes but a testament to their historical journey and cultural resilience. Over centuries, the unique culinary culture of the Turkish Romanis has significantly influenced and enriched the already diverse and vibrant cuisine of Anatolia, contributing distinct flavors, ingredients, and cooking techniques that reflect their heritage and adaptation.

Music

Rhythms and Expressions

Music and dance are integral to the cultural identity of Turkish Roma. Their distinctive Turkish music style is widely recognized for its characteristic 9/8 rhythm, which provides a lively and intricate foundation for their performances. This rhythmic complexity is often accompanied by captivating Belly dance performances, a form of artistic expression deeply embedded in their traditions. These musical and dance forms are not only entertainment but also powerful vehicles for storytelling, celebration, and the preservation of their unique cultural heritage.

Religion

Romani Islam and Sufi Orders

The religious landscape of Turkish Roma is predominantly shaped by Islam, with unique regional developments. In the Western Balkans, a distinct form of "Romani Islam" has evolved over time, blending Islamic tenets with local Romani cultural practices. In Turkey, specifically in Üsküdar, an indigenous Romani Sufi Order known as the Gulsheni Sezai order was established. This order represents a unique spiritual expression within the broader Sufi tradition, tailored to the cultural and religious experiences of the Romani community.

Emerging Christian Adherents

While Islam remains the dominant faith, there has been a notable, albeit small, shift in religious affiliation among some Turkish Roma. Since the 1990s, evangelical Christian missionaries have been active in Bulgaria, leading a minority of Turkish Roma to convert to evangelical Christianity. This development highlights the dynamic nature of religious identity and the influence of external religious movements within Romani communities.

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References

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Echoes of Anatolia

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Identity 👤

🔄 Self-Turkification and Assimilation

🎭 Navigating Dual Identities

👑 The Legacy of Çingene Han

History 📜

origins Ancient Roots and Early Migrations

ottoman Ottoman Era Integration

identity Shifting Identities and Perceptions

Migration 🌍

📍 Core Settlements and Regional Variations

🗺️ Diaspora Across Europe and Beyond

turbulent Forced Migrations and Exchanges

Culture 🎭

🎉 Festivals and Beliefs

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Family and Social Norms

🤼 Rituals and Aspirations

Genetics 🧬

🔬 Unpacking Genetic Markers

🧩 Admixture and Ancestral Confirmation

Cuisine 🍲

🍽️ A Culinary Heritage

Music 🎶

🥁 Rhythms and Expressions

Religion 🕌

☪️ Romani Islam and Sufi Orders

✝️ Emerging Christian Adherents

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Identity

Self-Turkification and Assimilation

Navigating Dual Identities

The Legacy of Çingene Han

History

Ancient Roots and Early Migrations

Ottoman Era Integration

Shifting Identities and Perceptions

Migration

Core Settlements and Regional Variations

Diaspora Across Europe and Beyond

Forced Migrations and Exchanges

Culture

Festivals and Beliefs

Family and Social Norms

Rituals and Aspirations

Genetics

Unpacking Genetic Markers

Admixture and Ancestral Confirmation

Cuisine

A Culinary Heritage

Music

Rhythms and Expressions

Religion

Romani Islam and Sufi Orders

Emerging Christian Adherents

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice