What is the primary land service branch of the United States military, and when was its precursor formed?

The United States Army is the primary land service branch of the U.S. military. Its precursor, the Continental Army, was formed on June 14, 1775, to fight in the American Revolutionary War.

What is the official motto of the United States Army?

The official motto of the United States Army is "This We'll Defend."

What is the mission statement of the United States Army?

The Army's mission is "to fight and win our Nation's wars, by providing prompt, sustained land dominance, across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict, in support of combatant commanders."

When was the United States Army officially established in its current form, and what was its predecessor?

The United States Army was established by the Congress of the Confederation on June 3, 1784, to replace the disbanded Continental Army, which had been formed on June 14, 1775.

What were the key historical events that shaped the early U.S. Army, from its origins to the end of the 18th century?

The early U.S. Army's history includes the formation of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, the influence of European military figures like Von Steuben, victories like Trenton and Princeton, the disbandment after the war, and the eventual re-establishment of a standing army due to conflicts with Native Americans, leading to its reorganization as the Legion of the United States.

How did the U.S. Army's role and size evolve throughout the 19th century, considering major conflicts like the Mexican-American War and the Civil War?

Throughout the 19th century, the Army fought in conflicts such as the Mexican-American War, which led to significant territorial gains for the U.S., and the American Civil War, which was its deadliest conflict. It also engaged in containing Native American tribes on reservations and occupied Southern states during the Reconstruction Era.

What were the U.S. Army's major involvements and transformations during the 20th century, including the World Wars and the Cold War?

In the 20th century, the Army participated in World War I and World War II, underwent significant demobilization and desegregation after WWII, and played a crucial role during the Cold War, including involvement in the Korean and Vietnam Wars, and maintaining a substantial presence in Europe.

What were the primary challenges and changes faced by the U.S. Army in the 21st century, particularly in relation to global conflicts and modernization?

In the 21st century, the Army has been involved in counter-insurgency operations in Afghanistan and Iraq following the September 11 attacks, while also focusing on modernization efforts like the Future Combat Systems program and adapting to budget changes and evolving threats.

What are the three main components of the U.S. Army today?

The U.S. Army is currently divided into three components: the Regular Army (active duty), the Army Reserve, and the Army National Guard.

What is the mission of the United States Army Futures Command (AFC)?

The mission of the United States Army Futures Command (AFC) is modernization reform, focusing on designing hardware and working within the acquisition process to define materiel for the Army Materiel Command (AMC).

What are the five core competencies of the U.S. Army?

The five core competencies of the U.S. Army are: prompt and sustained land combat, combined arms operations (including maneuver and wide-area security, armored and mechanized operations, and airborne and air assault operations), special operations forces, setting and sustaining the theater for the joint force, and integrating national, multinational, and joint power on land.

How is the U.S. Army organized in terms of its major commands?

The U.S. Army is organized into major commands such as the U.S. Army Forces Command (FORSCOM), U.S. Army Futures Command (AFC), U.S. Army Materiel Command (AMC), and U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC).

What are the three main types of Brigade Combat Teams (BCTs) in the active component of the U.S. Army?

The three main types of active component BCTs are Armored brigades, Stryker brigades, and Infantry brigades.

What is the role of the United States Army Special Operations Command (USASOC)?

USASOC commands, organizes, mans, trains, and equips Army special operations aviation units to provide responsive support for special operations forces, executing missions like unconventional warfare, foreign internal defense, and counter-terrorism.

Who leads the United States Army Medical Department (AMEDD), and what are its primary branches?

The AMEDD is led by the Surgeon General of the United States Army and includes six specialty branches: Medical Corps, Nurse Corps, Dental Corps, Veterinary Corps, Medical Specialist Corps, and Chaplain Corps.

What is IPPS-A, and what is its significance for Army personnel management?

IPPS-A (Integrated Personnel and Pay System - Army) is the Human Resources system for the Army, designed to manage payroll and personnel information for all components, impacting promotions and other personnel decisions.

What are the three paths for becoming a commissioned officer in the U.S. Army?

The three primary paths to becoming a commissioned officer are the United States Military Academy, the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC), and Officer Candidate School (OCS).

What is the Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT), and how does it differ from the previous Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT)?

The ACFT is a newer fitness test designed to better predict combat readiness through six events, replacing the APFT. It is standardized for all soldiers regardless of gender and is considered more relevant to battlefield survival.

What are the six modernization priorities identified by the Chief of Staff of the Army?

The six modernization priorities are artillery, ground vehicles, aircraft, network, air/missile defense, and soldier lethality.

What is the most common individual weapon used by the U.S. Army, and what is its successor?

The M4 carbine is the most common individual weapon, and it is being gradually replaced by the M7 rifle among close combat units.

What are the primary types of crew-served weapons used by the U.S. Army for indirect fire support?

The U.S. Army uses the 60 mm M224 mortar, the 81 mm M252 mortar, and the 120 mm M120/M121 mortar for indirect fire support.

What is the U.S. Army's main battle tank and its standard infantry fighting vehicle?

The M1A2 Abrams is the Army's main battle tank, and the M2A3 Bradley is its standard infantry fighting vehicle.

What are the primary rotary-wing aircraft operated by the U.S. Army Aviation Branch?

The U.S. Army Aviation Branch primarily operates the AH-64 Apache attack helicopter, the UH-60 Black Hawk utility helicopter, and the CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift transport helicopter.

What camouflage pattern is featured on the current Army Combat Uniform (ACU), and what pattern did it replace?

The current Army Combat Uniform (ACU) features the Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP), which replaced the Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP) in 2019.

What new garrison service uniform did the Army announce in November 2018, and what does it resemble?

In November 2018, the Army announced a new version of 'Army Greens,' based on uniforms worn during World War II, which will become the standard garrison service uniform.

What is the significance of the Army's black beret no longer being worn with the ACU for garrison duty?

The black beret was permanently replaced with the patrol cap for wear with the ACU in garrison duty, as it was found to be unsuitable for most work conditions.

What is the purpose of the Army's Future Soldier Prep Course (FSPC)?

The FSPC is designed to assist potential recruits who may need additional support to meet the Army's physical fitness or academic standards before entering basic training.

What is the U.S. Army's standard Medium Machine Gun?

The M240 is the U.S. Army's standard Medium Machine Gun.

What is the significance of the U.S. Army's high vehicle-to-soldier ratio?

The U.S. Army's high vehicle-to-soldier ratio, the highest in the world as of 2009, reflects its doctrine's emphasis on mechanized warfare.

What historical event led to the U.S. Army's involvement in the Mexican Revolution?

The U.S. Army's involvement stemmed from Pancho Villa's attack on Columbus, New Mexico, in 1916, which prompted a U.S. intervention in Mexico.

What is the purpose of the Army's "Army Greens" uniform, and when was it introduced?

The "Army Greens" uniform, introduced in November 2018, serves as the standard garrison service uniform and is based on uniforms worn during World War II.

What are the three combat training centers (CTCs) where intensive unit-level training is conducted?

The three CTCs are the National Training Center (NTC) at Fort Irwin, California; the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) at Fort Johnson, Louisiana; and the Joint Multinational Training Center (JMMC) in Germany.

What is the role of the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA)?

The Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA) is the senior military officer in the Army, serving as the principal military adviser to the Secretary of the Army and as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

What was the deadliest conflict in U.S. history, and what percentage of white males aged 13-43 died in it?

The American Civil War was the deadliest conflict in U.S. history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 men. Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, with 18% in the South and 6.4% in the North.

What significant territorial concessions did the United States gain as a result of the Mexican-American War and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

The U.S. victory in the Mexican-American War resulted in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, through which Mexico ceded a large portion of land to the United States, including territories that now form California, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.

What was the U.S. Army's primary modernization plan until 2009, and what happened to it?

The Army's primary modernization plan until 2009 was the Future Combat Systems program, but many of its systems were canceled in 2009 and the remaining were incorporated into the BCT modernization program.

What is the purpose of the Army's Talent Management Task Force (TMTF)?

The TMTF is responsible for deploying IPPS-A, the Integrated Personnel and Pay System - Army, which aims to modernize HR systems and improve personnel management across all Army components.

How are generals addressed in the U.S. Army according to regulations?

According to Army regulations, all generals, regardless of their number of stars, are addressed as "General (last name)."

What is the purpose of the Army's "Army Greens" uniform, and when was it introduced?

The "Army Greens" uniform, introduced in November 2018, serves as the standard garrison service uniform and is based on uniforms worn during World War II.

What are the three major types of Brigade Combat Teams (BCTs) in the active component of the U.S. Army?

The three major types of active component BCTs are Armored brigades, Stryker brigades, and Infantry brigades.

What is the mission of the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC)?

TRADOC's mission is to define the Army's architecture and organization, and to train and supply soldiers to FORSCOM.

What was the deadliest conflict in U.S. history, and what percentage of white males aged 13-43 died in it?

The American Civil War was the deadliest conflict in U.S. history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 men. Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, with 18% in the South and 6.4% in the North.

What is the U.S. Army's standard Medium Machine Gun?

The M240 is the U.S. Army's standard Medium Machine Gun.

What are the primary rotary-wing aircraft operated by the U.S. Army Aviation Branch?

The U.S. Army Aviation Branch primarily operates the AH-64 Apache attack helicopter, the UH-60 Black Hawk utility helicopter, and the CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift transport helicopter.

What historical event led to the U.S. Army's involvement in the Mexican Revolution?

The U.S. Army's involvement stemmed from Pancho Villa's attack on Columbus, New Mexico, in 1916, which prompted a U.S. intervention in Mexico.

What is the purpose of the Army's Future Soldier Prep Course (FSPC)?

The FSPC is designed to assist potential recruits who may need additional support to meet the Army's physical fitness or academic standards before entering basic training.

What are the three combat training centers (CTCs) where intensive unit-level training is conducted?

The three CTCs are the National Training Center (NTC) at Fort Irwin, California; the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) at Fort Johnson, Louisiana; and the Joint Multinational Training Center (JMMC) in Germany.

What is the significance of the U.S. Army's high vehicle-to-soldier ratio?

The U.S. Army's high vehicle-to-soldier ratio, the highest in the world as of 2009, reflects its doctrine's emphasis on mechanized warfare.

What is the U.S. Army's main battle tank and its standard infantry fighting vehicle?

The M1A2 Abrams is the Army's main battle tank, and the M2A3 Bradley is its standard infantry fighting vehicle.

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Mission & Mandate

Core Purpose

The United States Army serves as the primary land-based branch of the United States Department of Defense. Its fundamental purpose, as defined by Section 7062 of Title 10, U.S. Code, is to preserve the peace and security of the United States, support national policies, implement national objectives, and overcome any nations responsible for aggressive acts that imperil national security.^[23]^[24]

Constitutional Authority

The U.S. Constitution designates the Army as the "Army of the United States," operating under the authority, direction, and control of the United States Secretary of Defense.^[15]^[16] It is the most senior branch among the U.S. Armed Forces in order of precedence.^[17]

Core Competencies

The Army's operational capabilities are defined by five core competencies: prompt and sustained land combat, combined arms operations (including maneuver and wide-area security), special operations, theater support for the joint force, and the integration of national, multinational, and joint power on land.^[25]

Historical Trajectory

Origins: Continental Army

The U.S. Army traces its lineage to the Continental Army, established on June 14, 1775, by the Second Continental Congress to fight for independence against Great Britain.^[26]^[12] George Washington served as its first commander.^[12]^[27]^[28]^[29]

The Continental Army achieved victory through strategic engagements and crucial alliances, notably with France, culminating in the decisive Siege of Yorktown and recognition of U.S. independence via the Treaty of Paris (1783).

19th Century Conflicts

The 19th century saw the Army engaged in critical conflicts shaping the nation's expansion and identity.

War of 1812: Fought against Great Britain, resulting in an inconclusive peace but solidifying U.S. sovereignty.
Seminole Wars: A protracted series of conflicts in Florida.
Mexican-American War (1846-1848): A decisive U.S. victory leading to significant territorial gains.
American Civil War (1861-1865): The costliest conflict in U.S. history, preserving the Union and leading to the abolition of slavery. The Union Army faced the Confederate States Army in numerous battles, including Gettysburg, a major turning point.
American Indian Wars: Engagements related to westward expansion and Native American resistance.
Spanish-American War (1898): Marked U.S. emergence as a world power, with Army involvement in Cuba and the Philippines.

Global Engagements

The 20th and 21st centuries saw the Army involved in global conflicts and peacekeeping operations.

World War I (1917-1918): U.S. forces contributed significantly to the Allied effort on the Western Front.
World War II (1941-1945): The Army played a pivotal role in both the European and Pacific theaters, involving millions of personnel in campaigns against Axis powers.
Cold War Era: Significant troop presence in Europe (e.g., Seventh Army) and involvement in conflicts like the Korean War and Vietnam War.
Post-Cold War: Operations in the Persian Gulf War, Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq, focusing on counter-terrorism and stabilization.

Organizational Framework

Departmental Structure

The U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army, which falls under the Department of Defense. It is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Army and the military Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA), who is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.^[15]^[16]

Components

The Army comprises three main components:

Regular Army (USA): The active duty force.
Army National Guard (ARNG): State-based militia with federal reserve status.
U.S. Army Reserve (USAR): A federal reserve component.

These components collectively form the "Total Force," emphasizing integrated operations.^[49]

Command Structure

The Army is organized into major commands and service component commands responsible for specific geographic regions or functional areas. These include Army Forces Command (FORSCOM), Army Futures Command (AFC), Army Materiel Command (AMC), and Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC), among others.^[84]

Branches and Functional Areas

The U.S. Army's organizational structure includes a comprehensive array of branches and functional areas, each contributing unique expertise.

Combat Arms

These branches are directly involved in battlefield operations.

Armor (AR)
Infantry (IN)
Field Artillery (FA)
Air Defense Artillery (AD)

Support Arms

These branches provide essential logistical, administrative, and technical support.

Adjutant General's Corps (AG)
Chaplain Corps (CH)
Finance Corps (FI)
Judge Advocate General's Corps (JA)
Military Police Corps (MP)
Quartermaster Corps (QM)
Signal Corps (SC)
Transportation Corps (TC)
Ordnance Corps (OD)
Chemical Corps (CM)

Specialized & Functional Areas

These areas encompass intelligence, medical, cyber, and other specialized roles.

Aviation (AV)
Civil Affairs Corps (CA)
Cyber Corps (CY)
Medical Corps (MC), Dental Corps (DC), Nurse Corps (AN), Medical Specialist Corps (SP), Veterinary Corps (VC)
Military Intelligence Corps (MI)
Psychological Operations (PO)
Special Forces (SF)
Functional Areas (FA) for specialized officer roles (e.g., FA 30, FA 40, FA 46, FA 49, FA 50, FA 57, FA 70, FA 71, FA 73)

The U.S. Army's organizational structure includes a comprehensive array of branches and functional areas, each contributing unique expertise:

U.S. Army Branches and Functional Areas
Branch / FA	Description
Acquisition Corps (AC)	Manages the acquisition of Army systems and equipment.
Air Defense Artillery (AD)	Provides air and missile defense capabilities.
Adjutant General's Corps (AG)	Manages personnel services, including human resources and administrative support. Includes Army Bands (AB).
Armor (AR) / Cavalry (CV)	Conducts mounted combat operations and reconnaissance.
Aviation (AV)	Operates Army aircraft for reconnaissance, transport, and attack missions.
Chaplain Corps (CH)	Provides religious and spiritual support to soldiers and their families.
Chemical Corps (CM)	Manages chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) defense and operations.
Civil Affairs Corps (CA)	Engages with civilian populations in operational areas to support military missions.
Cyber Corps (CY)	Conducts cyberspace operations, including defense and offense.
Dental Corps (DC)	Provides dental care and services.
Engineer Corps (EN)	Manages construction, mobility, counter-mobility, and survivability operations.
Field Artillery (FA)	Provides fire support through cannons, rockets, and missiles.
Finance Corps (FI)	Manages financial operations and resources.
Health Services (FA 70)	Oversees various health services and administration.
Information Operations (FA 30)	Manages information-related capabilities to support military objectives.
Infantry (IN)	The primary ground combat force, engaging the enemy directly.
Inspector General (IG)	Investigates and audits Army activities to ensure compliance and efficiency.
Judge Advocate General's Corps (JA)	Provides legal services and advice.
Laboratory Sciences (FA 71)	Conducts scientific research and analysis.
Logistics (LG)	Manages supply, maintenance, and transportation functions.
Medical Corps (MC)	Provides medical care and services.
Medical Specialist Corps (SP)	Includes various medical specialists like physical therapists and physicians' assistants.
Medical Service Corps (MS)	Encompasses healthcare professionals such as pharmacists, optometrists, and medical administrators.
Military Intelligence Corps (MI)	Gathers, analyzes, and disseminates intelligence.
Military Police Corps (MP)	Enforces law and order within the Army.
Nurse Corps (AN)	Provides nursing care and services.
Operations Research/Systems Analysis (FA 49)	Applies quantitative methods to solve Army problems.
Ordnance Corps (OD)	Manages weapons systems, ammunition, and equipment maintenance.
Public Affairs (PA)	Manages communication with the public and media.
Psychological Operations (PO)	Conducts operations to influence foreign populations.
Strategic Intelligence (FA 34)	Focuses on long-term intelligence planning and analysis.
Special Forces (SF)	Conducts unconventional warfare, direct action, and special reconnaissance.
Staff Specialist Corps (SS)	Specialized roles primarily within the Reserve components.
Strategic Planning (FA 50)	Develops long-term strategic plans for the Army.
Space Operations (FA 40)	Manages Army operations in the space domain.
Veterinary Corps (VC)	Provides veterinary care for animals and food safety oversight.

Key Commands

Army Commands (ACOM)

These are major commands directly reporting to the Department of the Army:

Army Forces Command (FORSCOM)
Army Futures Command (AFC)
Army Materiel Command (AMC)
Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC)

Army Service Component Commands (ASCC)

These commands align with geographic combatant commands:

U.S. Army Central (ARCENT) / Third Army
U.S. Army Europe and Africa (USAREUR-AF) / Seventh Army
U.S. Army North (ARNORTH) / Fifth Army
U.S. Army Pacific (USARPAC)
U.S. Army South (ARSOUTH) / Sixth Army
Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC)
U.S. Army Cyber Command (ARCYBER)
U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command (USASMDC/ARSTRAT)
U.S. Army Special Operations Command (USASOC)
Eighth Army (EUSA)

Direct Reporting Units

Units that report directly to the Department of the Army:

Arlington National Cemetery
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)
U.S. Army Acquisition Support Center (USAASC)
U.S. Army Civilian Human Resources Agency (CHRA)
U.S. Army Corrections Command (ACC)
U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Division (CID)

Notable Engagements

Founding Conflicts

The Army's formative years were marked by critical engagements for national sovereignty.

American Revolutionary War
War of 1812
Mexican-American War

Defining Wars

Major conflicts that shaped the Army's role and capabilities.

American Civil War
World War I
World War II
Korean War
Vietnam War

Modern Operations

Post-Cold War and contemporary operations demonstrating global reach and adaptability.

Persian Gulf War
Operations in the Balkans (Kosovo)
War in Afghanistan
Iraq War
Global War on Terrorism

Teacher's Corner

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References

First sergeant is considered a temporary and lateral rank and is senior to master sergeant. A first sergeant can revert to master sergeant upon leaving assignment.

SP4 is sometimes encountered as an abbreviation for specialist instead of SPC. This is a holdover from when there were additional specialist ranks at pay grades E-5 to E-7.

PVT is also used as an abbreviation for both private ranks when pay grade need not be distinguished.[172]

5 U.S.C. Â§ 2101

DA Pamphlet 10â1 Organization of the United States Army; Figure 1.2 Military Operations.

Cont'l Cong., Formation of the Continental Army, in 2 Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774â1789 89â90 (Library of Cong. eds., 1905).

Gregory J.W.Urwin, The United States Cavalry: An Illustrated History, 1776â1944, University of Oklahoma Press 2003 (1983), pp. 36â39

Cragg, Dan, ed., The Guide to Military Installations, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, 1983, p. 272.

Woodruff, Mark. Unheralded Victory: The Defeat of the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army 1961â1973 (Arlington, VA: Vandamere Press, 1999).

Wilson, John B. (1997). Maneuver and Firepower: The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, Chapter XII, for references see Note 48.

An Army at War: Change in the Midst of Conflict, p. 515, via Google Books

DA Pam 10â1 Organization of the United States Army, Figure 1-1. '"Army Organizations Execute Specific Functions and Assigned Missions"

Department of Defense, Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, Military compensation background papers, Seventh edition, page 229. Department of Defense, 2005.

28th Infantry Division, Pennsylvania National Guard official website, last accessed 4 December 2020

From the Future Soldiers Web Site.

M4. U.S. Army Fact Files

M249, U.S. Army Fact Files

M240, U.S. Army Fact Files

MK 19, U.S. Army Fact Files

M224, U.S. Army Fact Files

M252, U.S. Army Fact Files

M120, U.S. Army Fact Files

M119, U.S. Army Fact Files

HMMWV, U.S. Army Fact Files

Bradley, United States Army Fact Files

Stryker, U.S. Army Fact Files

M113, U.S. Army Fact Files

Paladin, Army.mil

MLRS, U.S. Army Fact Files

Apache, U.S. Army Fact Files

Blackhawk, U.S. Army Fact Files

Chinook, U.S. Army Fact Files

A full list of references for this article are available at the United States Army Wikipedia page

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Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on publicly available data and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not official military advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional military consultation, strategic planning, or operational guidance. Always refer to official U.S. Army doctrine, regulations, and directives for authoritative information. Never disregard professional military advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

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Mission & Mandate 🎯

🛡️ Core Purpose

⚖️ Constitutional Authority

💪 Core Competencies

Historical Trajectory ⏳

⭐ Origins: Continental Army

⚔️ 19th Century Conflicts

🌍 Global Engagements

Organizational Framework 🏗️

🏛️ Departmental Structure

👥 Components

🗺️ Command Structure

Branches and Functional Areas 🎖️

⚔️ Combat Arms

logistics Support Arms

🧠 Specialized & Functional Areas

Key Commands ⚓

⬆️ Army Commands (ACOM)

🌐 Army Service Component Commands (ASCC)

🏢 Direct Reporting Units

Notable Engagements 🚩

🇺🇸 Founding Conflicts

💥 Defining Wars

🌐 Modern Operations

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Mission & Mandate

Core Purpose

Constitutional Authority

Core Competencies

Historical Trajectory

Origins: Continental Army

19th Century Conflicts

Global Engagements

Organizational Framework

Departmental Structure

Components

Command Structure

Branches and Functional Areas

Combat Arms

Support Arms

Specialized & Functional Areas

Key Commands

Army Commands (ACOM)

Army Service Component Commands (ASCC)

Direct Reporting Units

Notable Engagements

Founding Conflicts

Defining Wars

Modern Operations

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

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References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice