What was the general situation for immigrants in South Africa prior to 1994 regarding discrimination and violence?

Before 1994, immigrants in South Africa faced discrimination and violence, largely driven by competition for scarce economic opportunities. This situation existed even before the transition to majority rule.

Contrary to expectations, what trend in xenophobia was observed in South Africa after the establishment of majority rule in 1994?

Following the advent of majority rule in 1994, the incidence of xenophobia in South Africa unexpectedly increased, despite hopes that the end of apartheid would foster greater inclusivity.

What were the significant consequences of the xenophobic uprising and attacks in South Africa in 2008?

The xenophobic uprising and attacks in 2008 resulted in the deaths of at least 62 people and left several hundred injured. This period also saw immigrants being repatriated to their home countries and the destruction of their property.

How did South Africans express negative sentiments towards foreign nationals according to a 2018 Pew Research poll?

A 2018 Pew Research poll indicated that a majority of South Africans held negative views about foreign nationals. Specifically, 62% believed immigrants were a burden, taking jobs and social benefits, while 61% associated immigrants more strongly with crime than other groups.

Is there factual evidence to support the claim that immigrants are the primary perpetrators of criminal activity in South Africa?

No, there is no factual evidence to substantiate the claim that immigrants are the main culprits of criminal activity in South Africa. This assertion is sometimes made by politicians and public figures but lacks empirical support.

How did the number of foreigners living in South Africa change between 2010 and 2017?

The number of foreigners residing in South Africa significantly increased between 2010 and 2017, growing from approximately 2 million people to 4 million people.

What does the United Nations International Organization for Migration report regarding the proportion of foreign-born individuals in South Africa?

According to the United Nations International Organization for Migration, the proportion of South Africa's population that is foreign-born rose from 2.8% in 2005 to 7% in 2019. South Africa is noted as the largest recipient of immigrants on the African continent.

What was the situation for Mozambicans fleeing to South Africa between 1984 and the end of hostilities in Mozambique?

Between 1984 and the end of hostilities in Mozambique, an estimated 50,000 to 350,000 Mozambicans sought refuge in South Africa. Although they were technically allowed to settle in the bantustans (homelands) created during apartheid, they were not granted refugee status. Their reception varied, with some homelands like Gazankulu welcoming them, while others like Lebowa banned them outright. Those in Gazankulu faced restrictions and were denied access to economic resources.

How were Congolese immigrants treated upon arriving in South Africa in 1993 and 1997?

Congolese people emigrating to South Africa, often illegally, due to unrest and civil war in their country faced xenophobic attitudes. Studies indicated they were denied access to primary healthcare services, to which they were technically entitled.

What is the academic perspective on xenophobia in South Africa following the transition to democracy in 1994?

Academic Audie Klotz suggests that a new form of 'non-racial xenophobia' emerged in South Africa after the 1994 transition to democracy, specifically targeting refugees.

What did a 2004 study by the Southern African Migration Project (SAMP) reveal about South Africans' attitudes towards immigration?

A 2004 SAMP study indicated that South Africans expressed the harshest anti-immigrant sentiment among surveyed Southern African Development Community (SADC) member states. 21% of South Africans favored a complete ban on foreign entry, and 64% supported strict limitations, significantly higher percentages than in neighboring Namibia and Botswana.

What were the findings of a 2004 study by the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation (CSVR) regarding police attitudes towards immigrants?

A 2004 CSVR study in Johannesburg found that 87% of police officers surveyed believed most undocumented immigrants were involved in crime, despite a lack of statistical evidence. Analysts suggested these views, combined with the vulnerability of undocumented immigrants, led to abuses like violence and extortion by police.

What accusations did Burundian refugees make against the South African Police Service in 2007?

In March 2007, Burundian refugees in Durban claimed they could not rely on the police for protection. Instead, they reported instances of police mistreating them, stealing from them, and making unsubstantiated allegations about them selling drugs.

What was the 'Buyelekhaya' campaign in Alexandra township in 1995?

The 'Buyelekhaya' campaign, occurring in Alexandra township in January 1995, involved armed gangs identifying and assaulting suspected undocumented migrants. The campaign blamed foreigners for crime, unemployment, and sexual attacks, aiming to 'clean' the township of foreign nationals.

What incident involving a train occurred in September 1998 related to xenophobia?

In September 1998, a Mozambican national and two Senegalese citizens were thrown from a train by a group returning from a rally. This assault was reportedly motivated by blaming foreigners for unemployment, crime, and the spread of AIDS.

What happened in Zandspruit in October 2001 concerning Zimbabwean residents?

In October 2001, residents of the Zandspruit informal settlement gave Zimbabwean citizens ten days to leave. When they did not leave voluntarily, they were forcibly evicted, and their shacks were burned and looted. The community cited joblessness and blamed Zimbabweans for crimes as reasons for their actions.

What xenophobic incidents occurred in Olievenhoutbosch between late 2005 and early 2006?

In late 2005 and early 2006, at least four people, including two Zimbabweans, died in the Olievenhoutbosch settlement. Foreigners were blamed for the death of a local man, leading to their shacks being set alight and demands for their removal by police.

What concerns did Somali refugees raise in August 2006 regarding violence against them?

In August 2006, Somali refugees appealed for protection after 21 Somali traders were killed in July and 26 more in August. They believed these murders were motivated by xenophobia, although police rejected the assertion of a coordinated campaign against them.

What were the most severe xenophobic attacks reported in early 2008 before the May riots?

Before the major riots in May 2008, severe incidents included the murder of two Somali shop owners in the Eastern Cape towns of Jeffreys Bay and East London on January 8, 2008. In March 2008, seven people, including Zimbabweans, Pakistanis, and a Somali national, were killed after their shops and shacks were set ablaze in Atteridgeville near Pretoria.

When and where did the May 2008 riots begin, and what was the initial impact?

The May 2008 riots commenced on May 12th in the Alexandra township, northeast of Johannesburg. Initially, locals attacked migrants from Mozambique, Malawi, and Zimbabwe, resulting in two deaths and injuries to 40 others.

How did the May 2008 xenophobic violence spread across South Africa?

Following the initial outbreak in Alexandra, the violence spread to other settlements within Gauteng Province, and subsequently to coastal cities like Durban and Cape Town. Attacks were also reported in Mpumalanga, the North West, and the Free State provinces.

What was the final death toll and the outcome of legal proceedings related to the May 2008 riots?

By the end of the May 2008 riots, 62 people were reported dead. Nine months later, 128 individuals had been convicted in concluded cases, while 182 cases were withdrawn due to witnesses or complainants leaving the country. A year later, 137 people had been convicted, but many cases were still pending or withdrawn due to similar reasons.

What concerns were raised by the Consortium for Refugees and Migrants in South Africa (Cormsa) one year after the May 2008 attacks?

One year after the May 2008 attacks, Cormsa stated that foreigners remained under threat and that insufficient action had been taken to address the root causes of the violence. The organization highlighted a lack of accountability for perpetrators, inadequate investigations into instigators, and the absence of a public government inquiry.

What reports emerged in late May 2009 regarding xenophobic activity in the Western Cape?

In late May 2009, reports surfaced about a potential resurgence of xenophobic activity and the organization of attacks in Gugulethu, Khayelitsha, and Philippi, Cape Town. Samora Machel in Philippi was identified as a particular flashpoint, with discussions reportedly occurring among local businessmen about dealing with Somali shopkeepers.

What led to the eviction of Zimbabwean farm workers in De Doorns in November 2009?

In November 2009, approximately 1500-2500 Zimbabwean farm workers were forcibly evicted from their homes in De Doorns, Western Cape. Reasons cited included accusations by South African workers that farmers were employing Zimbabweans at below minimum wage, and potential collusion between informal labor brokers and a ward councilor to remove foreign competitors.

What was the 'Fortress South Africa' concept in relation to border security and immigrants?

The 'Fortress South Africa' concept refers to the re-militarization of South Africa's borders. Christopher McMichael argued this project, supported by state and corporate entities, portrayed undocumented migrants and refugees as security risks akin to terrorism. Parliamentary discussions often framed foreign nationals as drains on social grants and economic opportunities, which could normalize immigrants as targets of resentment and fuel xenophobic violence.

What specific incident involving a Somali shopkeeper occurred on May 30, 2013?

On May 30, 2013, Abdi Nasir Mahmoud Good, a 25-year-old Somali shopkeeper, was stoned to death. The violent act was captured on a mobile phone and shared online.

How did the Somali diaspora react to the attacks on Somali shopkeepers in South Africa in June 2013?

Following the killing of three Somali shopkeepers in June 2013, the Somali diaspora organized protests in Cape Town, London, and Minneapolis. These demonstrations aimed to draw attention to the violence and call for greater protection for Somali nationals in South Africa.

What action did Somalia's government consider after renewed xenophobic violence against Somali entrepreneurs in April 2015?

After another wave of xenophobic violence targeting Somali entrepreneurs in April 2015, Somalia's government announced plans to evacuate its citizens from South Africa.

What role did Zulu King Goodwill Zwelithini allegedly play in the April 2015 xenophobic attacks?

Zulu King Goodwill Zwelithini was accused of aggravating the April 2015 xenophobic attacks by allegedly stating that foreigners should 'go back to their countries'.

What happened to Emmanuel Sithole in April 2015, and what was the official response?

Emmanuel Sithole, a Mozambican street vendor, was brutally attacked and died from his wounds in Alexandra township in April 2015. Although photographed by James Oatway, leading to four arrests, the government insisted his murder was not xenophobic, despite the SANDF being deployed to the area following the publication of the images.

How did the October 2015 xenophobic attacks in Grahamstown differ from typical incidents in South Africa?

The October 2015 xenophobic attacks in Grahamstown were notable for specifically targeting Muslims. This was largely due to rumors that an Arab man was responsible for murders of women in the town, which incited the attacks.

What were the stated grievances of protesters during the 2017 anti-immigration protest in Pretoria?

During the 2017 anti-immigration protest in Pretoria, protesters accused immigrants of taking jobs from South Africans and contributing to crime. They also expressed frustration, stating that immigrants were 'arrogant and they don't know how to talk to people, especially Nigerians'.

What political factor was blamed for contributing to xenophobic sentiment during the 2019 Durban riots?

A speech by President Cyril Ramaphosa during the ANC's election manifesto launch for the 2019 South African general election was blamed for contributing to xenophobic sentiment. Ramaphosa had committed to cracking down on undocumented foreigners involved in criminal activities.

What was the context of the 2019 Johannesburg riots that began on September 1st?

The 2019 Johannesburg riots, starting in Jeppestown and the CBD, were triggered by the death of a taxi driver. The unrest targeted shops owned by foreign nationals, with approximately 50 businesses, predominantly owned by Nigerians, reportedly destroyed or damaged. The riots coincided with a nationwide truck driver strike protesting the employment of non-South African truckers.

What was the impact of the 2019 Johannesburg riots on Nigerian citizens in South Africa?

Following the riots in September 2019, which resulted in 12 deaths in the first week of September, around 640 Nigerians out of an estimated 100,000 in South Africa signed up for free flights offered by Nigeria to return home.

What is 'Operation Dudula' and what were its stated aims?

'Operation Dudula' is a movement that emerged in mid-January 2022, known for harassing immigrant traders in Soweto and Johannesburg. Its stated aim is to forcibly remove undocumented foreigners, with members claiming these individuals are responsible for rising crime and immoral activities like drug dealing and prostitution. High unemployment and lack of economic opportunities for South Africans were also cited as grievances.

How did the Dudula Movement differ from Operation Dudula, and what were its targets?

The Dudula Movement, similar but unrelated to Operation Dudula, emerged around the same time in Alexandra, Johannesburg. It operates as a vigilante organization targeting undocumented foreigners of all races and national origins, denying that it targets only black undocumented foreigners.

What controversy surrounded Chidimma Vanessa Onwe Adetshina during the Miss South Africa 2024 pageant?

Chidimma Vanessa Onwe Adetshina, a finalist in the Miss South Africa 2024 pageant, faced controversy regarding her eligibility due to her Nigerian father and allegations of potential identity fraud concerning her mother's South African citizenship. This led to an investigation by the Department of Home Affairs and her subsequent withdrawal from the pageant citing xenophobic safety concerns.

What broader debate did the controversy surrounding Chidimma Adetshina ignite?

The controversy surrounding Chidimma Adetshina's citizenship and participation sparked a wider public discussion on issues of citizenship, identity, and national representation in South Africa, highlighting differing interpretations of the South African Citizenship Act.

What controversial statement did Small Business Development Minister Lindiwe Zulu make regarding foreign business owners?

Small Business Development Minister Lindiwe Zulu stated that foreign business owners could not expect peaceful coexistence unless they shared their trade secrets. She suggested that foreigners had an advantage due to apartheid-era marginalization and needed to share their practices with local businesses.

How did the Competition Commission view the perception of foreign business owners' success?

The Competition Commission noted that a perceived difference in performance between foreign and local business owners created the impression that foreigners were more successful. While acknowledging the need to examine competitive dynamics, the commission found the insinuation that foreign business owners were to blame for the decline of South African businesses concerning.

What factors did Vanya Gastrow identify in his 'Somalinomics' study regarding the success of Somali traders?

Vanya Gastrow's 'Somalinomics' study identified several practices contributing to the success of Somali traders, including setting low mark-ups for high turnover, locating businesses in high-traffic areas, operating long hours (early opening, late closing), and offering a wider product range.

What political trend was observed regarding anti-immigrant messaging during the 2019 South African general election?

During the 2019 South African general election, xenophobic statements were commonly made by politicians across various parties. This trend intensified as the ruling party faced potential loss of dominance, with parties using anti-immigrant rhetoric to gain electoral support.

Which political party and its leader were accused of advocating a hard-line stance against immigration, leading to accusations of xenophobia?

Herman Mashaba and his political party, ActionSA, were consistently accused of advocating a hard-line stance against immigration. Civil society organizations like Amnesty International and Right2Know linked some of Mashaba's statements to incidents of xenophobic attacks and anti-migrant sentiment.

What changes were made to the Refugees Act of 1998 through amendments in 2008, 2011, and 2017?

Amendments to the Refugees Act in 2008, 2011, and 2017 significantly curtailed the rights of asylum seekers. These changes included removing the right to basic healthcare and education, limiting the right to seek work, and requiring refugees to wait 10 years for permanent residency. Additionally, asylum seekers entering through unrecognized ports or failing to report within five days were denied asylum.

What was the controversy surrounding the Gauteng Township Economic Development Bill in 2020?

The Gauteng Provincial Government's proposed Gauteng Township Economic Development Bill in 2020 aimed to prevent foreign nationals without official South African residency from operating businesses in the province's informal economy. Supporters argued it would reduce xenophobia by clarifying regulations, while detractors called it xenophobic for explicitly targeting foreigners and legitimizing such sentiments.

What specific types of discrimination are listed in the 'Forms' section of the discrimination sidebar?

The 'Forms' section of the discrimination sidebar lists Institutional, Reverse, Structural, Statistical, Systemic, and Taste-based discrimination.

What does the term 'Fortress South Africa' imply regarding border security and the treatment of migrants?

The term 'Fortress South Africa' implies a policy of increased border security and militarization, often framing undocumented migrants and refugees as security threats. This approach can contribute to the normalization of immigrants as targets for harassment and extortion, potentially fueling xenophobic violence.

What specific grievances did the Operation Dudula movement cite for their actions against foreign nationals?

Operation Dudula cited grievances such as undocumented foreign nationals being responsible for rising crime rates, drug dealing, and prostitution. They also pointed to high unemployment and a lack of economic opportunities for South African nationals as reasons for their actions.

Xenophobia In South Africa Wiki: South Africa's Shadow: Understanding Xenophobia

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Historical Context

Pre-1994 Discrimination

Prior to South Africa's transition to majority rule in 1994, immigrants, particularly those from neighboring countries like Mozambique and the Democratic Republic of Congo, faced significant discrimination and violence. This was often driven by competition for scarce economic resources.

While many Mozambicans fleeing conflict were not granted formal refugee status, their reception varied. Some regions, like Lebowa, outright banned them, while Gazankulu offered some support, albeit with restrictions. Similarly, Congolese immigrants often faced challenges, including denial of access to entitled primary healthcare services.

Post-1994 Increase

Contrary to expectations following the end of apartheid and the establishment of a democratic government, the incidence of xenophobia reportedly increased. Academic analysis suggests a new form of "non-racial xenophobia" emerged, specifically targeting refugees.

The African National Congress's nation-building project, aimed at fostering social cohesion, may have inadvertently contributed to increased intolerance towards outsiders. This shift has been characterized by growing hostility and suspicion towards foreign nationals within communities.

Prevalence and Perception

Public Sentiment

A 2018 Pew Research poll indicated significant negative sentiment towards foreign nationals in South Africa. A majority of respondents believed immigrants were a burden, taking jobs and social benefits. Furthermore, a substantial portion attributed crime rates disproportionately to immigrants.

However, empirical evidence does not substantiate the claim that immigrants are the primary drivers of criminal activity. This perception is often perpetuated by public figures and politicians, despite lacking factual basis.

Demographic Shifts

South Africa has experienced a notable increase in its foreign-born population. Between 2010 and 2017, the number of foreigners living in the country doubled, from 2 million to 4 million. By 2019, according to the UN's International Organization for Migration, foreign-born individuals constituted approximately 7% of South Africa's total population, up from 2.8% in 2005.

This demographic trend positions South Africa as the largest recipient of immigrants on the African continent, potentially exacerbating existing social and economic pressures that can fuel xenophobic sentiments.

Drivers of Xenophobia

Socio-Economic Factors

Competition for scarce economic opportunities is a primary driver. Immigrants are often perceived as competitors for jobs, housing, and social services, particularly in areas with high unemployment and limited resources.

The perception that foreigners are more successful in business, often due to different trade practices like lower mark-ups and longer operating hours, can also foster resentment among local populations.

Political Rhetoric

Political discourse frequently employs anti-immigrant messaging, especially during election periods. Politicians from various parties have been noted for making statements or taking actions perceived as xenophobic or pandering to xenophobic sentiments.

This rhetoric often frames undocumented immigrants as security risks, linking them to crime and straining social resources, thereby legitimizing and potentially fueling xenophobic attitudes.

Media and Misinformation

The spread of misinformation and "fake news" through social media and other channels can significantly amplify xenophobic sentiments. These narratives often create panic and foster negative stereotypes about foreign nationals.

The portrayal of immigrants as inherently criminal or as a drain on society, without factual evidence, contributes to a climate of fear and hostility.

Manifestations of Xenophobia

Violent Incidents

South Africa has experienced numerous waves of xenophobic violence. Notable incidents include:

2008 Riots: A major outbreak starting in Alexandra, Johannesburg, spread across the country, resulting in at least 62 deaths and hundreds injured.
2015 Attacks: Widespread looting and violence, particularly in Durban and Johannesburg, led some countries, like Somalia, to announce evacuations of their citizens.
2019 Incidents: Riots in Durban and Johannesburg targeted foreign-owned businesses, resulting in deaths and significant displacement.
Ongoing Harassment: Sporadic attacks, looting, and harassment of foreign nationals, particularly Somali entrepreneurs, have continued in various locations.

Institutional and Systemic Issues

Xenophobic attitudes have also been observed within state institutions, including the police force. Studies indicate a significant percentage of police officers hold negative perceptions of immigrants, associating them with crime, which can lead to abuse, extortion, and inadequate protection.

Legislative changes, such as amendments to the Refugees Act, have curtailed the rights of asylum seekers and refugees, limiting access to healthcare, education, and employment opportunities, which critics argue institutionalizes discrimination.

Vigilante Actions

Groups like "Operation Dudula" and the "Dudula Movement" have emerged, acting as vigilante organizations. Their stated aim is to forcibly remove undocumented foreigners, citing concerns about crime, unemployment, and social issues.

While these groups deny targeting specific nationalities or races, their actions often involve harassment, intimidation, and evictions, contributing to a climate of fear among immigrant communities.

Political Landscape

Electoral Strategies

Anti-immigrant sentiment is often leveraged by political parties seeking electoral advantage, particularly as the ruling party faces challenges to its dominance. Parties across the political spectrum have utilized anti-immigrant messaging.

Figures like Herman Mashaba and his party, ActionSA, are noted for advocating strict immigration policies, drawing accusations of xenophobia or pandering to xenophobic sentiments from civil society organizations.

Controversial Statements

Statements made by politicians, including ministers and traditional leaders, have been criticized for exacerbating xenophobic feelings. Remarks linking immigrants to crime, demanding they share business practices, or questioning their eligibility based on nationality have fueled public discourse.

The politicization of immigration issues can legitimize prejudice and create an environment where xenophobic actions are normalized or even encouraged.

Legislative Framework

Refugees Act Amendments

The Refugees Act of 1998 initially provided robust rights to asylum seekers. However, subsequent amendments in 2008, 2011, and 2017 significantly curtailed these rights.

Key changes include the removal of rights to basic healthcare and education, limitations on the right to seek employment, and an extended 10-year waiting period for permanent residency applications. Furthermore, asylum may be denied for procedural reasons, such as entering through unrecognized ports of entry.

Provincial and National Policies

Provincial governments have also introduced policies perceived as xenophobic. The Gauteng Township Economic Development Bill, for instance, proposed restrictions on businesses operated by foreign nationals without official residency in the province's informal economy.

Nationally, the draft National Labour Migration Policy introduced a quota system limiting the employment of foreign nationals in certain sectors, a measure also criticized as xenophobic.

Responses and Countermeasures

Civil Society and Government

Civil society organizations have actively campaigned against xenophobia, organizing protests and advocating for policy changes. They have also highlighted issues of police misconduct and called for accountability for perpetrators of violence.

Government officials have condemned xenophobic attacks, though their effectiveness in addressing the root causes and ensuring justice for victims has been questioned. Efforts to repatriate citizens by some foreign governments underscore the severity of the issue.

Legal and Policy Debates

The legal framework surrounding immigration and refugee status is a subject of ongoing debate. Policies aimed at regulating foreign labor and business practices often face criticism for potentially legitimizing or exacerbating xenophobia.

Discussions around citizenship, identity, and representation, as seen in the Miss South Africa pageant controversy, reflect broader societal tensions related to nationality and belonging.

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References

From 'Foreign Natives' to 'Native Foreigners': Explaining Xenophobia in Post-Apartheid South Africa, Michael Neocosmos, CODESRIA, Dakar, 2010

Misago, JP. (2009) Violence, Labour and the Displacement of Zimbabweans in De Doorns, Western Cape. Forced Migration Studies Program: Migration Policy Brief 2

A full list of references for this article are available at the Xenophobia in South Africa Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional socio-political analysis, legal consultation, or policy expertise. Always refer to official documentation and consult with qualified professionals for specific needs. Never disregard professional advice because of something you have read on this website.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

South Africa's Shadow

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Historical Context 📜

🌍 Pre-1994 Discrimination

📈 Post-1994 Increase

Prevalence and Perception 📊

🗣️ Public Sentiment

👥 Demographic Shifts

Drivers of Xenophobia 💡

⚖️ Socio-Economic Factors

📢 Political Rhetoric

📰 Media and Misinformation

Manifestations of Xenophobia 💥

🔥 Violent Incidents

🏛️ Institutional and Systemic Issues

✊ Vigilante Actions

Political Landscape 🏛️

🗳️ Electoral Strategies

🗣️ Controversial Statements

Legislative Framework ⚖️

📜 Refugees Act Amendments

🏢 Provincial and National Policies

Responses and Countermeasures 🛡️

🤝 Civil Society and Government

⚖️ Legal and Policy Debates

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Historical Context

Pre-1994 Discrimination

Post-1994 Increase

Prevalence and Perception

Public Sentiment

Demographic Shifts

Drivers of Xenophobia

Socio-Economic Factors

Political Rhetoric

Media and Misinformation

Manifestations of Xenophobia

Violent Incidents

Institutional and Systemic Issues

Vigilante Actions

Political Landscape

Electoral Strategies

Controversial Statements

Legislative Framework

Refugees Act Amendments

Provincial and National Policies

Responses and Countermeasures

Civil Society and Government

Legal and Policy Debates

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice