Who are Afro-Jamaicans, according to the provided information?

Afro-Jamaicans, also known as Black Jamaicans, are individuals from Jamaica whose ancestors originated from West and Central Africa. These ancestors were forcibly brought to the island through the transatlantic slave trade, which began in the 17th century.

What is the demographic significance of Afro-Jamaicans within Jamaica?

Afro-Jamaicans constitute the largest ethnic group in Jamaica, representing 76.3% of the country's total population. This makes them the predominant racial or ethnic group on the island.

From which regions of Africa were the ancestors of Afro-Jamaicans primarily brought?

The ancestors of Afro-Jamaicans were primarily brought from West and Central Africa. This forced migration occurred as part of the transatlantic slave trade, which transported millions of enslaved people to the Americas.

What languages are predominantly spoken by Afro-Jamaicans?

Afro-Jamaicans primarily speak Jamaican English and Jamaican Patois. Jamaican English is the official language, while Jamaican Patois is a widely spoken creole language that developed on the island.

What are the majority and minority religions practiced by Afro-Jamaicans?

The majority religion among Afro-Jamaicans is Christianity. Minority religions include Rastafari, Irreligion, and various other faiths, reflecting a diverse spiritual landscape.

What does the image caption in the source material depict?

The source material includes an image caption that describes an Afro-Jamaican man playing the Bongo, an instrument often associated with African and Caribbean music traditions.

How were most enslaved Africans captured before being sold into the Atlantic slave trade?

Most enslaved Africans were captured during frequent wars between African states, which were often incited by slave traders for this specific purpose. Others were directly kidnapped in raids conducted by either African or European slavers.

Did any African laborers come to Jamaica after the abolition of slavery?

Yes, after the abolition of slavery in the British West Indies in 1834, free African laborers, known as indentured laborers, arrived in Jamaica between 1841 and 1865 during the period of indentureship. These individuals worked under contracts, often for a specified number of years, in exchange for passage and other provisions.

Which African ethnic groups were most commonly brought to Jamaica as enslaved people, according to slave ship records?

Based on slave ship records, the Akan people (including Asante, Bono, Wassa, Nzema, and Ahanta) were the most common enslaved group, followed by the Igbo people. Other groups included Kongo, Fon, Ewe, Yoruba, and Ibibio people, though to a lesser extent.

Which African culture was dominant in Jamaica during the period of British rule?

Akan culture, referred to as 'Coromantee' at the time, was the dominant African culture in Jamaica during British rule. This cultural influence was significant due to the large number of Akan people imported to the island.

How did the percentage of slave ships originating from the Gold Coast to Jamaica change between the 17th and 18th centuries?

Between 1663 and 1700, only six percent of slave ships to Jamaica listed their origin as the Gold Coast. However, this figure significantly increased to 27 percent between 1700 and 1720, indicating a rise in the number of Akan slaves arriving from Kormantin ports in the early 18th century.

Why were other African groups sent to Jamaica despite the British planters' preference for Akan slaves?

Other African groups were sent to Jamaica due to frequent rebellions by the 'Coromantee' (Akan) people, who often joined the slave rebellion group known as the Jamaican Maroons. Despite these rebellions, Akan populations were still maintained because British planters considered them 'better workers'.

How did the distribution of Akan and Igbo slave imports differ across Jamaica's ports?

According to the Slave Voyages Archives, while the Igbo had the highest overall importation numbers, they were primarily imported to Montego Bay and St. Ann's Bay ports. In contrast, the Akan (mainly from the Gold Coast) were more widely dispersed across the island and constituted the majority imported to seven of Jamaica's fourteen ports.

What was the social status of mulattoes or mixed-race people during the period of slavery in Jamaica?

During the period of slavery, mulattoes or mixed-race people, particularly house slaves, generally had more privileges than Black slaves. They often held higher-paying jobs and occupations, indicating a distinct social hierarchy based on racial mixing.

What was the racial breakdown of Jamaica's population according to the 1871 census?

The 1871 census recorded a total population of 506,154 people in Jamaica, consisting of 246,573 males and 259,581 females. The racial breakdown was 13,101 White, 100,346 'Coloured,' and 392,707 Black individuals.

Which region of embarkment accounted for the largest percentage of enslaved people transported to Jamaica between 1701 and 1800?

Between 1701 and 1800, the Bight of Biafra, which included the Igbo and Ibibio people, accounted for the largest percentage of enslaved people embarked for Jamaica, at 31.9%.

What was Kumfu, and what was the role of a Kumfu-man?

Kumfu, derived from the Akan spiritual system 'Akom,' was a spiritual practice documented as 'Myal' and is still used by Jamaican Maroons. The priest of Kumfu was known as a 'Kumfu-man,' who led spiritual ceremonies and practices.

Which Akan gods were worshipped in 18th-century Jamaica, and how were they honored?

In 18th-century Jamaica, Akan gods were worshipped by both Akan and other enslaved Africans. Nyankopong, the Akan god of creation, was praised but not worshipped directly, while libations were poured to Asase Ya, the goddess of the earth. These practices are now primarily observed by the Maroons, who have preserved much of 1700s Jamaican culture.

How did Myal or Kumfu evolve into the syncretic Christian sect known as Revival?

Myal or Kumfu evolved into Revival, a syncretic Christian sect, when its followers gravitated towards the American Revival of 1800 Seventh Day Adventist movement. This was due to a shared aboriginal belief among the Akan people that Saturday was God's day of rest, mirroring Nyame's day of rest after creation. Jamaicans with Ashanti heritage blended their Kumfu spirituality with American Adventism to create Jamaican Revival in 1860.

What are the two main sects of Jamaican Revival, and what do they represent?

Jamaican Revival has two main sects: the '60 order' (or Zion Revival) and the '61 order' (or Pocomania). The 60 order worships God and spirits of the air or heavens on a Saturday and is considered the 'cleaner' sect. The 61 order deals more with spirits of the earth. This division reflects the dichotomy of Nyame (air, 60 order) and Asase Yaa (earth, 61 order) from Ashanti beliefs.

What Ashanti cultural elements are present in Jamaican Revival practices?

Ashanti cultural elements in Jamaican Revival include the use of red and black colors, which symbolize vengeance, similar to Ashanti funerary and war colors. Additionally, swords and rings are used for spiritual protection, echoing the Asantehene's special 'Akrafena' (soul sword) and 'Bosomfena' (spirit sword) used against witchcraft.

What is the origin of the John Canoe festival?

A festival known as John Canoe was dedicated to the heroism of an Akan king named John Canoe, an Ahanta from Axim, Ghana, in 1708. This festival celebrates his legacy and is a significant cultural event.

What is Jamaican Patois, and how does it relate to other forms of English in Jamaica?

Jamaican Patois, locally called Patwa, is an English creole language primarily spoken in Jamaica and its diaspora. It is distinct from Jamaican English, which is the official language, and also from the Rastafarian use of English. It developed in the 17th century by blending West and Central African dialects with various forms of English, including British, Scottish, and Hiberno English.

Describe Jamaican Patois as a 'post-creole speech continuum'.

Jamaican Patois is described as a 'post-creole speech continuum,' meaning it exhibits a range of varieties. The acrolect, which is closest to the lexifier language (English), cannot be systematically distinguished from intermediate varieties (mesolect) or even from the most divergent rural varieties (basilect). This continuum reflects the gradual evolution and blending of languages over time.

What is the primary origin of African loanwords found in Jamaican Patois?

Jamaican Patois contains many loanwords of African origin, with the majority etymologically traced to the Gold Coast region, particularly from the Asante-Twi dialect of the Akan language spoken in Ghana.

From which African people do most Jamaican proverbs originate?

Most Jamaican proverbs originate from the Asante people, with some also incorporating proverbs from other African cultures. This highlights the enduring influence of Asante traditions on Jamaican oral culture.

What did a 2012 mtDNA study reveal about the genetic affinity of modern Jamaicans with African regions?

A 2012 mtDNA study submitted to BMC Medicine indicated that despite historical evidence showing a majority of slaves were sent from the Bight of Biafra and West-central Africa towards the end of the British slave trade, the mtDNA haplogroup profile of modern Jamaicans shows a greater affinity with groups found in the present-day Gold Coast region (Ghana).

What explanation was provided for the greater genetic affinity of Jamaicans with the Gold Coast region, despite later slave trade patterns?

The explanation provided is that Africans arriving from the Gold Coast may have experienced less stressful acclimatization and acculturation due to cultural and linguistic commonalities with existing populations. This potentially led to a higher chance of survival and a greater number of progeny, thus influencing the modern genetic profile.

Which specific mtDNA haplogroup is shared by modern Jamaicans and the Asante people?

Modern day Jamaicans and the Asante people both share the mtDNA haplogroup of L2a1, indicating a common maternal lineage between these populations.

What were the admixture coefficients for the Bight of Biafra and West-central Africa in the 2012 mtDNA study, and how did they compare to the Gold Coast?

The admixture coefficients associated with the Bight of Biafra and West-central Africa were diminutive (0.064 ± 0.05 and 0.089 ± 0.05, respectively). This was striking given the massive influx of individuals from these areas in the later years of the British Slave trade, and it was significantly lower than the Gold Coast's coefficient of 0.477 ± 0.12.

What was the average percentage of African MtDNA found in Black Jamaicans according to the genetic studies?

Genetic studies indicated that Black Jamaicans, who constitute over 90% of the population, on average possess 97.5% African MtDNA, with very little European or Asian ancestry detected in their maternal lineage.

What were the limitations of the genetic studies mentioned in the article?

The genetic studies were based on a relatively low sample size of 390 Jamaican persons and had limited regional representation within Jamaica. Additionally, the results acknowledge that Afro-Jamaicans are not genetically homogeneous, meaning results for other individuals could differ.

What did the 2012 Pub Med study reveal about the paternal genetic component of the Jamaican population?

The 2012 Pub Med study revealed that the studied Jamaican population exhibits a predominantly South-Saharan paternal genetic component, comprising 66.7% of the Jamaican paternal gene pool. This includes haplogroups such as A1b-V152, A3-M32, B2-M182, E1a-M33, E1b1a-M2, E2b-M98, and R1b2-V88.

What percentage of European derived chromosomes were detected in the Jamaican paternal gene pool?

European derived chromosomes, including haplogroups G2a*-P15, I-M258, R1b1b-M269, and T-M184, were detected at commensurate levels, making up 19.0% of the Jamaican paternal gene pool.

What percentages of Chinese and Indian paternal ancestry were found in Jamaica?

Chinese paternal DNA, specifically haplogroup O-M175, was found at 3.8%, while Indian paternal DNA, including haplogroups H-M69 and L-M20, accounted for 1.2% of the Jamaican paternal gene pool. These ancestries were restricted to Jamaica in the study.

What was the overall autosomal DNA composition of Jamaica's gene pool according to a 2010 study?

According to a 2010 autosomal genealogical DNA testing, the gene pool of Jamaica is approximately 80.3% Sub-Saharan African, 10% European, and 5.7% East Asian. Autosomal DNA refers to the genetic material inherited from both parents, providing a broader picture of ancestry.

Can you name a notable Afro-Jamaican musician mentioned in the text?

One notable Afro-Jamaican musician mentioned in the text is Bob Marley, a globally recognized figure in reggae music, whose mother was Afro-Jamaican.

Who is a prominent Afro-Jamaican athlete listed in the article?

Usain Bolt, a world-renowned sprinter, is listed as a prominent Afro-Jamaican athlete in the article. He is famous for his achievements in track and field.

Name an Afro-Jamaican political figure from the provided list.

Paul Bogle is an Afro-Jamaican political figure mentioned in the list. He was a Baptist deacon and a leader of the 1865 Morant Bay rebellion, a significant event in Jamaican history.

Which notable individual with Afro-Jamaican ancestry served as a high-ranking military officer and statesman in the United States?

Colin Powell, a notable individual with Afro-Jamaican ancestry, had Jamaican parents of mixed African and Scottish descent. He was a distinguished American statesman and a four-star general in the United States Army, serving as the 65th United States Secretary of State.

Can you identify a famous American rapper with Jamaican parents mentioned in the text?

Busta Rhymes is a famous American rapper mentioned in the text who has Jamaican parents, highlighting the influence of the Jamaican diaspora on global music.

Which American Vice President has Afro-Jamaican paternal ancestry?

Kamala Harris, the current Vice President of the United States, has Afro-Jamaican paternal ancestry, as her father is Jamaican. This connection reflects the diverse heritage of many prominent figures.

Name a British supermodel with Jamaican parents listed in the article.

Naomi Campbell, a renowned British supermodel, is listed as having Jamaican parents, showcasing the global reach of Afro-Jamaican heritage in various fields.

Which Jamaican Maroon leader is depicted in an image within the article?

The article includes an image depicting Leonard Parkinson, a Jamaican Maroon leader, from 1796. Maroons were communities of escaped slaves who formed independent settlements.

What was the percentage of enslaved people from the Gold Coast region embarked for Jamaica between 1701 and 1800?

Between 1701 and 1800, the Gold Coast region, primarily comprising Asante-Akan people, accounted for 29.5% of the enslaved people embarked for Jamaica.

What percentage of enslaved people from West-central Africa were embarked for Jamaica between 1701 and 1800?

West-central Africa, which included Kongo and Mbundu people, accounted for 15.2% of the enslaved people embarked for Jamaica between 1701 and 1800.

What was the percentage of enslaved people from the Bight of Benin embarked for Jamaica between 1701 and 1800?

The Bight of Benin, including Yoruba, Ewe, Fon, Allada, and Mahi people, accounted for 10.1% of the enslaved people embarked for Jamaica between 1701 and 1800.

What percentage of the Jamaican population's mtDNA showed the largest admixture coefficient associated with the Gold Coast, specifically the Asante-Akyem area of Ghana?

The largest admixture coefficient in the mtDNA study was associated with the Gold Coast, with most samples taken from the Asante-Akyem area of Ghana, representing 0.477 ± 0.12 or 59.7% of the Jamaican population. This suggests a significant maternal genetic contribution from this region.

What was the contribution of the Gold Coast when admixture coefficients were calculated by assessing shared haplotypes in the mtDNA study?

When admixture coefficients were calculated by assessing shared haplotypes, the Gold Coast still had the largest contribution, though less strikingly, at 0.196, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.189 to 0.203.

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Afro-Jamaican Identity

Defining a People

Afro-Jamaicans, also referred to as Black Jamaicans, constitute the largest ethnic group within Jamaica. Their lineage traces back to African ancestors who were forcibly brought to the island from West and Central Africa through the transatlantic slave trade, commencing in the 17th century. This foundational historical event profoundly shaped the demographic and cultural landscape of the nation.

Demographic Dominance

Comprising approximately 76.3% of Jamaica's total population, Afro-Jamaicans represent the predominant ethnic demographic. This significant majority underscores their central role in the island's societal structure, cultural development, and national identity. Their collective experiences and contributions are integral to understanding modern Jamaica.

Ethnogenesis and Formation

The ethnogenesis of the Black Jamaican people is inextricably linked to the Atlantic slave trade of the 16th century. During this period, enslaved Africans were transported to Jamaica and other parts of the Americas, laying the groundwork for the formation of a distinct Afro-Jamaican identity. Under British colonial rule, many of these enslaved individuals, particularly the Akan, played pivotal roles, with some even joining or leading the Jamaican Maroons.

Historical Origins

The Transatlantic Passage

The Atlantic slave trade forcibly transported millions from West and Central Africa to the Americas. These individuals were primarily captured during conflicts between African states, often instigated by slave traders, or through direct raids by African or European slavers. This brutal system was the primary mechanism by which African populations arrived in Jamaica, fundamentally altering the island's demographic composition.

Post-Abolition Migration

Following the abolition of slavery in the British West Indies in 1834, a new wave of African migration occurred. Between 1841 and 1865, free African laborers arrived in Jamaica as indentured servants. This period of indentureship, while distinct from chattel slavery, also contributed to the African demographic presence on the island, adding another layer to the complex tapestry of Afro-Jamaican origins.

African Ancestry

Dominant Ethnicities

Based on meticulous slave ship records, the majority of enslaved Africans brought to Jamaica originated from the Akan people, particularly those associated with the Asante Kotoko alliance of the 1720s, including the Asante, Bono, Wassa, Nzema, and Ahanta. The Igbo people also constituted a significant portion of the enslaved population. Other groups, though to a lesser extent, included the Kongo, Fon, Ewe, Yoruba, and Ibibio peoples.

Akan Cultural Hegemony

Despite the diverse origins, Akan culture, often referred to as 'Coromantee' by the British, emerged as the dominant African cultural influence in Jamaica. While initial British colonization saw a lower percentage of slaves from the Gold Coast (Akan region), this figure rose significantly in the early 18th century. British planters often preferred Akan slaves, perceiving them as "better workers," which contributed to their widespread distribution across the island's ports, even as other groups like the Igbo had higher overall importation numbers to specific bays.

Mixed Heritage

Afro-European Dynamics

During the era of slavery, individuals of mixed African and European descent, often termed 'mulattoes' or 'coloureds,' occupied a distinct social stratum. They frequently served as house slaves and generally enjoyed more privileges than their fully Black counterparts, often holding higher-paying jobs and occupations within the colonial system. This created a complex social hierarchy based on racial admixture.

Census Reflections

The 1871 census of Jamaica provides a snapshot of the island's racial composition post-emancipation. It recorded a total population of 506,154, with 246,573 males and 259,581 females. The racial breakdown was documented as 13,101 White, 100,346 "Coloured" (mixed-race), and 392,707 Black. These figures highlight the significant presence of both Afro-Jamaicans and individuals of mixed heritage in the late 19th century.

Cultural Expressions

Myal and Revival Spirituality

The Akan spiritual system, known as 'Akom' or 'Kumfu,' was historically documented as 'Myal' in Jamaica. Its priests were referred to as 'Kumfu-men.' In 18th-century Jamaica, Akan deities like Nyankopong (the god of creation) and Asase Ya (the earth goddess) were revered. Over time, Kumfu evolved into Revival, a syncretic Christian sect. Revival is divided into two main orders: the '60 order' (Zion Revival), which worships God and celestial spirits on Saturdays, aligning with the Akan belief of Nyame's day of rest; and the '61 order' (Pocomania), which engages with earth spirits, reflecting the reverence for Asase Yaa. Ashanti cultural elements, such as the use of red and black for vengeance and ceremonial swords and rings for spiritual protection, are also evident in Revival practices.

The John Canoe Festival

A significant cultural festival, John Canoe, was dedicated to the heroism of an Akan king named John Canoe. This Ahanta leader from Axim, Ghana, is celebrated for his resistance in 1708, and the festival serves as a vibrant expression of historical memory and cultural continuity within the Afro-Jamaican community.

Jamaican Patois: A Linguistic Tapestry

Jamaican Patois, or Patwa, is an English-based creole language predominantly spoken in Jamaica and its diaspora. It emerged in the 17th century as enslaved peoples from West and Central Africa integrated their dialects and terms with the vernacular and dialectal forms of English spoken by British and Irish settlers. Patwa exists as a post-creole speech continuum, ranging from the acrolect (closest to standard English) to the basilect (most divergent rural varieties). It is rich with loanwords of African origin, particularly from the Gold Coast region, notably the Asante-Twi dialect of the Akan language from Ghana. Furthermore, many traditional Jamaican proverbs are rooted in Asante and other African oral traditions, reflecting a deep cultural connection.

Genetic Insights

Maternal Lineage (mtDNA)

A 2012 DNA study on Jamaican mtDNA revealed a striking affinity with groups from the present-day Gold Coast region of Ghana. This suggests that Africans from this area, particularly the Asante-Akyem region, may have experienced a less stressful acclimatization and acculturation process due to shared cultural and linguistic commonalities, leading to higher survival rates and more progeny. The study indicated that approximately 47.7% (or 59.7%) of the Jamaican population showed this Gold Coast affinity, with the L2a1 haplogroup being shared with the Asante people. Despite a massive influx of individuals from the Bight of Biafra and West-central Africa in the later years of the British slave trade, their mtDNA contribution remained comparatively low. Black Jamaicans, constituting over 90% of the population, on average exhibit 97.5% African mtDNA, with minimal European or Asian maternal ancestry. It is important to note that these results were based on a limited sample size of 390 individuals and regional representation, implying that Afro-Jamaicans are not genetically homogeneous and further studies may yield varied results.

Paternal Lineage (Y-DNA)

Complementary Y-DNA studies from 2012 further elucidated the paternal genetic landscape of Jamaica. The findings indicate a predominantly South-Saharan paternal component, accounting for 66.7% of the Jamaican paternal gene pool, represented by haplogroups such as A1b-V152, A3-M32, B2-M182, E1a-M33, E1b1a-M2, E2b-M98, and R1b2-V88. European-derived chromosomes were detected at a commensurate level of 19.0%, including haplogroups G2a*-P15, I-M258, R1b1b-M269, and T-M184. Additionally, Y-haplogroups indicative of Chinese (3.8% O-M175) and Indian (1.2% H-M69 and L-M20) ancestry were identified, though these were restricted to specific populations within Jamaica.

Autosomal DNA Overview

A 2010 autosomal genealogical DNA testing study provided a comprehensive overview of the overall genetic admixture in the Jamaican gene pool. The results indicated that the gene pool is approximately 80.3% Sub-Saharan African, 10% European, and 5.7% East Asian. These autosomal DNA findings corroborate the significant African heritage while also illustrating the contributions from European and East Asian populations to the genetic makeup of modern Jamaica.

Prominent Figures

Notable Afro-Jamaicans

Afro-Jamaicans have made indelible contributions across various fields, from music and sports to politics and arts. This list highlights some of the many influential figures who are Afro-Jamaican:

Agent Sasco
Aleen Bailey
Alia Atkinson
Alton Ellis
Andre Blake
Asafa Powell
Arthur Wint
Beenie Man
Beres Hammond
Big Youth
Bob Andy
Bob Marley (Afro-Jamaican mother)
Bounty Killer
Buju Banton
Bunny Wailer
Burning Spear
Capleton
Cedella Marley
Chris Gayle
Chronixx
Claude McKay
Courtney Walsh
Coxsone Dodd
Dennis Brown
Desmond Dekker
DJ Kool Herc
Don Quarrie
Grace Jones
George Headley
Gregory Isaacs
Jimmy Cliff
Joseph Hill
Julian Marley
Juliet Cuthbert
Junior Reid
Khadija Shaw
Koffee
Lee "Scratch" Perry
Leon Bailey
Louise Bennett
Madge Sinclair
Marcia Griffiths
Marcus Garvey
Merlene Ottey
Millie Small
Nanny of the Maroons
Patrick Ewing
Paul Bogle
Peter Tosh
Portia Simpson-Miller
Raheem Sterling
Rita Marley
Samuel Sharpe
Shabba Ranks
Shaggy
Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce
Shericka Jackson
Usain Bolt
Vybz Kartel
Yohan Blake
Ziggy Marley

Global Ancestry

The global reach of Afro-Jamaican heritage is evident in the numerous individuals of Afro-Jamaican descent who have achieved prominence worldwide. This list showcases some notable figures with Afro-Jamaican ancestry:

Aaliyah (Jamaican paternal grandparents)
Adrian Mariappa (Jamaican mother)
Al Roker (Jamaican mother)
Aljamain Sterling (Jamaican parents)
Ayesha Curry (Jamaican mother)
Bobby Shmurda (Jamaican father)
Busta Rhymes (Jamaican parents)
Colin Powell (Jamaican parents)
Daniel Caesar (Jamaican father)
Delroy Lindo (Jamaican parents)
Dina Asher-Smith (Jamaican parents)
Dorothy Dandridge (Jamaican maternal grandfather)
Dulé Hill (Jamaican parents)
Ella Mai (Jamaican mother)
FKA Twigs (Jamaican father)
Floyd Mayweather Jr. (Jamaican grandmother)
Frank Bruno (Jamaican mother)
Gabrielle Thomas (Jamaican father)
Gil Scott-Heron (Jamaican father)
Heavy D (Jamaican parents)
Ian Wright (Jamaican parents)
Jamelia (Jamaican parents)
Jodie Turner-Smith (Jamaican parents)
Joey Badass (Jamaican father)
John Barnes (Jamaican mother)
Justine Skye (Jamaican parents)
Kamala Harris (Jamaican father)
Kerry Washington (Jamaican mother)
Lennox Lewis (Jamaican parents)
Mason Greenwood (Jamaican mother)
Michael Hector (Jamaican father)
Mike Tyson (Jamaican father)
Naomi Campbell (Jamaican parents)
Ndamukong Suh (Jamaican mother)
Pete Rock (Jamaican parents)
Pete Wentz (mixed Jamaican mother)
Pop Smoke (Jamaican mother)
Roy Hibbert (Jamaican father)
Sean Kingston (Jamaican parents)
Shameik Moore (Jamaican parents)
Sheryl Lee Ralph (Jamaican parents)
Slick Rick (Jamaican parents)
Sol Campbell (Jamaican parents)
Styles P (Jamaican father)
The Notorious B.I.G. (Jamaican parents)
Tristan Thompson (Jamaican parents)
Tyga (Jamaican father)
Tyson Beckford (Jamaican parents)
Winnie Harlow (Jamaican parents)
XXXTentacion (Jamaican parents)

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References

"Slave Trade Debates 1806". Colonial History. London: Dawsons of Pall Mall. 1968. pp. 203â204.

Diffie, Bailey (1963). Prelude to Empire: Portugal Overseas Before Henry the Navigator. University of Nebraska Press. p. 58.

Siva, Michael, After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739â1842, PhD dissertation (Southampton: Southampton University, 2018), p. 27.

Cassidy, F. G. (October 1966), "Multiple etymologies in Jamaican Creole". American Speech, Vol. 41, No. 3, 211â215.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Afro-Jamaicans Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional historical, anthropological, or genetic advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for consulting with qualified historians, anthropologists, geneticists, or other academic professionals for specific research or personal inquiries. Genetic study results, in particular, are based on population-level data and limited sample sizes, and individual genetic heritage can vary significantly. Never disregard professional academic insights or delay in seeking them because of something you have read on this website.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Echoes of Africa

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Afro-Jamaican Identity 👤

🏝️ Defining a People

📈 Demographic Dominance

🌱 Ethnogenesis and Formation

Historical Origins 📜

⛓️ The Transatlantic Passage

🤝 Post-Abolition Migration

African Ancestry 🌍

👑 Dominant Ethnicities

🗣️ Akan Cultural Hegemony

Mixed Heritage 🤝

🌈 Afro-European Dynamics

📊 Census Reflections

Cultural Expressions 🎶

✨ Myal and Revival Spirituality

🎭 The John Canoe Festival

🗣️ Jamaican Patois: A Linguistic Tapestry

Genetic Insights 🧬

👩‍👧 Maternal Lineage (mtDNA)

👨‍👦 Paternal Lineage (Y-DNA)

🧬 Autosomal DNA Overview

Prominent Figures 🌟

🏆 Notable Afro-Jamaicans

🌐 Global Ancestry

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Afro-Jamaican Identity

Defining a People

Demographic Dominance

Ethnogenesis and Formation

Historical Origins

The Transatlantic Passage

Post-Abolition Migration

African Ancestry

Dominant Ethnicities

Akan Cultural Hegemony

Mixed Heritage

Afro-European Dynamics

Census Reflections

Cultural Expressions

Myal and Revival Spirituality

The John Canoe Festival

Jamaican Patois: A Linguistic Tapestry

Genetic Insights

Maternal Lineage (mtDNA)

Paternal Lineage (Y-DNA)

Autosomal DNA Overview

Prominent Figures

Notable Afro-Jamaicans

Global Ancestry

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice