What is the primary focus of Karate as a martial art?

Karate is primarily a striking martial art that utilizes punches and kicks. However, traditional Karate training also incorporates techniques such as throwing and joint locking, demonstrating a broader range of combat applications.

Where did Karate originate and when was it first developed?

Karate originated in the Ryukyu Kingdom, which is present-day Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. It was first developed around the 17th century, evolving from indigenous Ryukyuan martial arts and Chinese martial arts.

What is a practitioner of Karate called?

A practitioner of Karate is referred to as a karate-ka.

What were the foundational martial arts that influenced the development of Karate?

Karate developed from the indigenous Ryukyuan martial arts, known as 'te' or 'hand' in Okinawan, and was significantly influenced by Chinese martial arts.

How did Chinese martial arts first arrive in Okinawa?

Beginning in the 1300s, Chinese martial artists introduced their techniques to Okinawa. This cultural exchange continued even after the Ryukyu Kingdom became a Japanese puppet state in 1609, maintaining strong ties to China.

What historical circumstances led to the creation of unarmed combat methods in Ryukyu?

After the Japanese invasion of Ryukyu in 1609, Ryukyuans were prohibited from carrying swords under samurai rule. In response, groups of young aristocrats developed unarmed combat methods, combining Chinese and local martial arts styles as a form of resistance, with an emphasis on self-discipline.

What was the initial name for this blend of martial arts in Okinawa, and what did it mean?

Initially, this blend of martial arts was known as kara-te, written with Chinese characters meaning 'Chinese hand'.

What elements essential to modern Karate were absent in its early form?

In its early form, Karate lacked uniforms, colored belts, ranking systems, or standardized styles. Many of these modern elements were incorporated about a century ago.

When and how did Karate begin to regain popularity in Okinawa after the Ryukyu Kingdom's annexation?

After the Ryukyu Kingdom was formally annexed by the Empire of Japan in 1879, the Ryukyuan samurai, who were the bearers of Karate, lost their privileged status. However, Karate gradually regained popularity after 1905 when it began to be taught in Okinawan schools.

Who were the key figures responsible for introducing Karate to mainland Japan during the Taishō era?

During the Taishō era (1912–1926), Karate was initially introduced to mainland Japan by Ankō Itosu, and subsequently by his students Gichin Funakoshi and Motobu Chōki.

How did Gichin Funakoshi adapt Karate to make it more relatable in Japan, particularly during the ultranationalistic sentiment of the 1930s?

Amidst the ultranationalistic sentiment of the 1930s, Gichin Funakoshi incorporated elements from judo, such as training uniforms, colored belts, and ranking systems, to make the imported martial art more relatable to Japanese culture.

What event significantly boosted Karate's popularity throughout Japan?

Karate's popularity, initially slow, rapidly increased throughout Japan after a magazine reported a story about Motobu Chōki defeating a foreign boxer in Kyoto.

Why was the name of Karate changed from 'Chinese hand' to 'empty hand' during the era of Japanese militarism?

During an era of escalating Japanese militarism, the name of Karate was changed from 'Chinese hand' to 'empty hand'. Both terms are pronounced 'karate' in Japanese, but the change indicated a desire to develop the combat form in a distinct Japanese style, distancing it from its Chinese origins due to rising tensions between China and Japan.

How did Karate's popularity expand globally after World War II?

After World War II, Okinawa became an important United States military site, leading to Karate's popularity among stationed servicemen. The martial arts films of the 1960s and 1970s further increased its global popularity, leading to the establishment of Karate schools (dōjōs) worldwide.

What is the philosophical dimension of Karate-do, beyond just fighting techniques?

Karate-do, like most Japanese martial arts, is considered to involve not only fighting techniques but also spiritual cultivation. Many schools and dōjōs emphasize the perfection of character, the importance of effort, and respect for courtesy through rules known as dōjō kun.

What are the two different estimates for the number of Karate practitioners worldwide?

Web Japan, sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, estimates 50 million Karate practitioners worldwide, while the World Karate Federation claims there are 100 million practitioners globally.

What was the indigenous Ryukyuan martial art called before the emergence of 'tōde'?

Originally in Okinawa, during the Ryukyu Kingdom period, there was an indigenous Ryukyuan martial art called 'te', which literally translates to 'hand' (or 'tī' in Okinawan).

What was 'tōde' and how did it relate to 'te'?

Tōde, literally meaning 'Tang hand', was a Chinese-derived martial art that emerged in the 19th century in Okinawa. Gichin Funakoshi noted a distinction between Okinawan-te and tōde in the late 19th century, though this distinction blurred as tōde became more prevalent.

How did the pronunciation of 'tōde' evolve into 'karate' in Japanese public schools around 1905?

Around 1905, when tōde began to be taught in Okinawan public schools, the Chinese characters for tōde (唐手) were read using kun'yomi (Japanese reading) and pronounced 'karate'. Both tōde and karate used the same characters meaning 'Tang/China hand', but differed in their reading, with 'karate' encompassing both Okinawan-te and tōde as their distinction blurred.

What was the significance of the character 'Kara' (唐) in the original term 'Tang hand'?

The character 'Kara' (唐) in 'Tang hand' is a kun'yomi for 'tō', which was derived from an alternate spelling of 'Gaya Confederacy' and later came to include things originating from China, specifically the Tang dynasty. Gichin Funakoshi suggested that 'tōde' or 'karate' might have been used instead of 'te' because 'Tang' became synonymous with luxurious imported goods.

When was the Japanese character for 'karate' officially changed to mean 'empty hand' and why?

In 1933, the Japanese character for karate was officially altered to a homophone, changing 'Chinese hand' to 'empty hand'. This change was driven by rising tensions between China and Japan and the looming threat of war, as the Chinese origins of the martial art were viewed with suspicion.

What was the term 'karate-jutsu' and who used it in mainland Japan?

When Karate was first introduced to mainland Japan in the 1920s, Gichin Funakoshi and Motobu Chōki used the name 'karate-jutsu', which literally means 'Tang hand art'. The suffix 'jutsu' signifies art or technique, commonly used in martial arts names like jujutsu and kenjutsu.

Who was Chōmo Hanashiro, and what was his contribution to the terminology of Karate?

Chōmo Hanashiro (1869–1945) was the first to document the use of the homophone 'kara' by replacing the Chinese character meaning 'Tang dynasty' with the character meaning 'empty' in his work 'Karate Kumite' in August 1905.

When and where was the name 'karate' (empty hand) officially resolved, and what day commemorates this decision?

On October 25, 1936, a roundtable meeting of karate masters in Naha, Okinawa Prefecture, officially resolved to use the name 'karate' (empty hand), signifying 'without anything in the hands or fists'. To commemorate this, the Okinawa Prefectural Assembly designated October 25 as 'Karate Day' in 2005.

How has the writing of the term 'karate' evolved since the 1980s, and what does this signify?

Since the 1980s, the term 'karate' has often been written in katakana (カラテ) instead of Chinese characters, particularly by Kyokushin Karate. This use of katakana, typically reserved for foreign words in Japan, gives Kyokushin Karate a modern and fresh impression.

What is the 'Theory of development from mēkata' regarding Karate's origins?

The Theory of development from mēkata suggests that Karate evolved from an ancient Okinawan martial dance called mēkata. This dance, performed to songs and sanshin music, featured martial elements similar to karate kata and was advocated by Ankō Asato and Gichin Funakoshi.

What is the 'Theory of introduction by thirty-six families from Min'?

This theory posits that Chinese kenpō, the origin of Karate, was introduced to Ryukyu in 1392 when a group of professional people known as the 'Thirty-six families from Min' migrated from Fujian Province in the Ming Dynasty to Kume Village in Naha, bringing advanced learning and skills.

What is the conventional belief about the development of unarmed combat in Ryukyu, and how has modern research challenged it?

Conventionally, the development of unarmed combat in Ryukyu was attributed to two weapon-banning policies by King Shō Shin (1476–1526) and the Satsuma Domain (1609). However, recent research questions this, suggesting that King Shō Shin's policy meant weapons were collected for state defense, not sealed away, and the Satsuma ban was a lax regulation prohibiting carrying, not possession or practice of weapons.

What was 'te' among the Ryukyuan samurai class, and what is a surviving example?

Karate began as a common fighting system known as 'te' (Okinawan: tī) among the Ryukyuan samurai class. There were few formal styles, with practitioners often having their own methods. A surviving example is Motobu Udundī, literally 'Motobu Palace Hand', passed down in the Motobu family.

Who was Kanga Sakugawa, and what was his role in the popularization of 'tōde'?

Kanga Sakugawa (1786–1867), nicknamed 'Tōde Sakugawa', was a samurai from Shuri who traveled to Qing China to learn Chinese martial arts. He popularized 'tōde', which was a new martial art distinct from traditional 'te', leading to 'te' being distinguished as 'Okinawa-te' before eventually merging with 'tōde'.

How did modern Karate, as understood today, come into being according to Gichin Funakoshi?

According to Gichin Funakoshi, modern Karate is a synthesis of 'te' (Okinawa-te) and 'tōde'. He stated that martial artists traveled to China to learn Chinese kenpo, combined it with ancient Okinawan kenpo, and through further study, refined it by discarding disadvantages and adopting advantages, thus giving birth to Karate.

What were the three early generalized styles of Karate in Okinawa, and what distinguished them?

Early styles of Karate are often generalized as Shuri-te, Naha-te, and Tomari-te, named after the three cities from which they emerged. Each area and its teachers had distinct kata, techniques, and principles that differentiated their local version of 'te'.

Who was Itosu Ankō, and what were his significant contributions to modern Karate?

Itosu Ankō (1831–1915), a student of Matsumura Sōkon, is sometimes called 'the Grandfather of Modern Karate'. He created the Pin'an forms (Heian in Japanese) as simplified kata for beginners and was instrumental in introducing Karate into Okinawa's public schools in 1905.

Who founded Gojū-ryū Karate, and who was his teacher?

Chōjun Miyagi, the founder of Gojū-ryū Karate, was a student of Higaonna Kanryō, who had returned from China in 1881 after studying under Ryu Ryu Ko and founded what would become Naha-te.

What role did Gichin Funakoshi play in the full-scale introduction of Karate in Tokyo?

Gichin Funakoshi, the founder of Shotokan, introduced Karate to Tokyo in May 1922 by presenting pictures at the first Physical Education Exhibition. The following June, he gave a demonstration at the Kodokan in front of Jigoro Kano and other judo experts, marking the beginning of Karate's full-scale introduction in the city.

What were the initial forms of training in Karate before the introduction of kumite matches?

Before the introduction of kumite matches, Karate training primarily focused on kata, with almost no kumite training. Sparring, known as iri kumi in pre-World War II Okinawa, was a controlled practice for senior students to avoid injury, but not a competitive format.

How did the dissatisfaction with kata-only practice lead to the development of kumite in mainland Japan?

Young people in mainland Japan became dissatisfied with kata-only practice, especially when judo and kendo already held matches and actively practiced randori (free-style practice). Leading judo practitioners also criticized kata-only training for being difficult for the public to understand. This led figures like Hironori Ōtsuka and Yasuhiro Konishi to devise prototypes of modern kumite and kumite matches.

What was the impact of the 'Notice Banning Judo, Kendo, and Other Martial Arts' after World War II on Karate?

After World War II, a notice from the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers banned judo, kendo, and other martial arts, temporarily stalling their activities. However, because the word 'karate' was not explicitly included in the notice, it was interpreted as not prohibited, allowing Karate to resume its activities earlier than other martial arts.

Who founded Kyokushin Karate, and what are its distinguishing characteristics?

Kyokushin Karate was formally founded in 1957 by Masutatsu Oyama. It is a synthesis of Shotokan and Gōjū-ryū, emphasizing aliveness, physical toughness, and full-contact sparring. Due to its focus on full-force sparring, it is often referred to as 'full contact karate' or 'Knockdown karate'.

What are the three main divisions of Karate training?

Karate training is commonly divided into kihon (basics or fundamentals), kata (forms), and kumite (sparring).

Describe 'kihon' in Karate training.

Kihon refers to the basics or fundamentals of Karate, forming the foundation for all other aspects of the style. This includes stances, strikes, punches, kicks, and blocks. Training typically involves a group of karateka performing techniques in unison or engaging in prearranged drills in smaller groups or pairs.

What is 'kata' in Karate, and how is it used in rank progression?

Kata, meaning 'shape' or 'model', is a formalized sequence of movements representing offensive and defensive postures based on idealized combat applications. To achieve a formal rank, a karateka must demonstrate competent performance of specific required kata for that level, with requirements varying among schools.

What is 'bunkai' and its purpose in Karate training?

Bunkai refers to the application of kata movements in a demonstration with real opponents. Its purpose is to show how every stance and movement within a kata is used, serving as a valuable tool for understanding the kata's practical meaning.

What is 'kumite' in Karate, and what are the different levels of physical contact in its practice?

Kumite, meaning 'meeting of hands', is sparring in Karate, practiced for both sport and self-defense. Levels of physical contact vary significantly, ranging from full contact (like Knockdown karate or bogu kumite with armor) to light or semi-contact sparring, where points are awarded by a referee in international competitions under the World Karate Federation.

How do structured kumite and free sparring differ?

In structured kumite (yakusoku, prearranged), two participants perform a choreographed series of techniques, with one striking and the other blocking, ending with a devastating technique (hito tsuki). In contrast, free sparring (Jiyu Kumite) allows participants a free choice of scoring techniques, with allowed techniques and contact levels determined by organizational policy, age, rank, and sex.

What is 'dōjō kun' in the context of Karate?

Dōjō kun is a set of guidelines within the bushido tradition that karateka are expected to follow. These guidelines apply both within the dōjō (training hall) and in their daily lives, emphasizing principles like character perfection, effort, and courtesy.

What is 'hojo undo' and what equipment is used in Okinawan Karate conditioning?

Hojo undo is a supplementary training method used in Okinawan Karate, employing simple equipment made of wood and stone. Examples include the makiwara, a striking post, and the nigiri game, a large jar used for developing grip strength. These exercises aim to enhance strength, stamina, speed, and muscle coordination.

What is the role of the World Karate Federation (WKF) in sport Karate?

The World Karate Federation (WKF) is the largest sport Karate organization and is recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as the body responsible for Karate competition in the Olympic Games. It has developed common rules for all styles and its national organizations coordinate with their respective National Olympic Committees.

What are the two main disciplines in WKF Karate competition?

WKF Karate competition features two main disciplines: sparring (kumite) and forms (kata).

How does the World Union of Karate-do Federations (WUKF) differ from the WKF in terms of membership?

The WKF only allows membership through one national organization or federation per country. In contrast, the World Union of Karate-do Federations (WUKF) offers a world body that different styles and federations can join without compromising their style or size, accepting more than one federation or association per country.

Karate Wiki: The Unyielding Path: A Scholarly Exploration of Karate-dō

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Karate: An Overview

A Martial Art Defined

Karate, or Karate-dō (空手道), is a martial art originating from the Ryukyu Kingdom, present-day Okinawa, Japan. Primarily recognized as a striking art, its techniques encompass powerful punches, kicks, knee strikes, and elbow strikes. Beyond these, traditional karate also integrates throwing techniques and joint locks, offering a comprehensive system of unarmed combat. A practitioner of karate is known as a karate-ka.

Roots and Evolution

The art developed from indigenous Ryukyuan martial arts, known as te (meaning "hand"), significantly influenced by various Chinese martial arts. Over centuries, this fusion evolved, adapting to local conditions and cultural shifts. Modern karate, while rooted in ancient traditions, has incorporated structured training methods and philosophical principles, transforming it into a global phenomenon.

Global Reach and Recognition

Karate has transcended its Okinawan origins to become a globally practiced martial art, boasting an estimated 50 to 100 million practitioners worldwide. Its widespread appeal led to its inclusion as an Olympic sport at the 2020 Summer Olympics, marking a significant milestone in its history. While not featured in the 2024 Games, it remains a strong contender for future Olympic inclusion, reflecting its enduring international prominence.

Etymological Journey

From 'Hand' to 'Empty Hand'

The nomenclature of karate reflects its complex historical development. Initially, the indigenous Ryukyuan martial art was simply known as te (Okinawan: tī), meaning "hand." In the 19th century, a Chinese-derived martial art emerged, called tōde (Okinawan: tōdī), literally "Tang hand" or "Chinese hand," referencing the Tang Dynasty as a symbol for China.

A Name Transformed

Around 1905, as karate began to be taught in Okinawan public schools, tōde was read as karate (唐手) in the Japanese style. This term encompassed both Okinawa-te and tōde, whose distinctions had blurred. However, due to rising tensions between China and Japan and escalating Japanese militarism in the 1930s, the character for kara (唐, Tang/China) was replaced with a homophone (空, empty), thus changing the meaning to "empty hand" (空手). This shift symbolized a desire to develop the combat form in a distinctly Japanese style.

The 'Way' of Karate-dō

A further development was the addition of the suffix dō (道), meaning "way" or "path," transforming karate into Karate-dō (空手道). This suffix, common in many Japanese martial arts (e.g., judo, kendo), signifies that the art is not merely a system of fighting techniques but also a discipline for spiritual cultivation and self-knowledge. This philosophical dimension emphasizes character development, effort, and courtesy, extending beyond physical prowess.

Name Transition Timeline

The evolution of karate's name can be visualized through its historical phases:

**Name Transition**
15th – 18th century	19th century	1900s –	1920s –		1980s –
Te (hand)	Te or Okinawa-te	Karate (Tang hand)	Karate(-jutsu)	Karate (Empty hand)	Karate (カタカナ)
Te (hand)	Tōde (Tang hand)	Karate (Tang hand)		Karate (Empty hand)

Tracing the Origins

The Mēkata Theory

One prominent theory suggests that karate evolved from an ancient Okinawan martial dance known as mēkata (舞方). These dances, performed to songs and sanshin music, shared structural similarities with karate kata (forms). Advocates like Ankō Asato and Gichin Funakoshi proposed that te, the precursor to karate, emerged from these martial elements within mēkata, which persisted in Okinawan rural areas until the early 20th century.

Chinese Influence: Min's Thirty-Six Families

Another significant theory points to the migration of the "Thirty-six families from Min" to Kume Village in Naha in 1392. These professionals from Fujian Province in Ming Dynasty China brought advanced learning and skills to Ryukyu. It is theorized that Chinese kenpō, a foundational element of karate, was introduced to Ryukyu during this period, laying the groundwork for its development.

The Keichō Import Theory & Other Ideas

The "Keichō import theory" posits that karate was introduced to Ryukyu after the 1609 invasion by the Satsuma Domain. Additionally, the influence of Kōshōkun (Kūsankū in Okinawan), a military officer from Qing China who visited Ryukyu in 1756, is considered by some as a potential origin point. Other less prevalent theories suggest development from Okinawan sumo (shima) or an origin from Japanese jujutsu, indicating a rich tapestry of influences.

Evolution & Masters

Okinawan Development

Karate initially flourished as te among the Ryukyuan samurai class, with individual practitioners developing unique methods rather than formal styles. The popular belief that weapon bans (under King Shō Shin and the Satsuma Domain) directly led to karate's development is now largely questioned by researchers, who suggest these policies were less restrictive than commonly thought. Notable 18th-century te masters included Nishinda Uēkata, Gushikawa Uēkata, and Chōken Makabe, whose skills were legendary.

Chinese martial arts continued to influence Okinawan te through tribute missions and students sent to Fuzhou and Beijing. Figures like Sōryo Tsūshin, a monk who studied Chinese martial arts, were highly regarded. In the 19th century, Kanga Sakugawa, nicknamed "Tōde Sakugawa," popularized the Chinese-derived tōde, which eventually merged with traditional Okinawa-te. This synthesis formed the basis of modern karate, leading to early regional styles like Shuri-te, Naha-te, and Tomari-te, each with distinct kata and principles.

Matsumura Sōkon (1809–1899): A key figure in Shuri-te, often considered a student of Sakugawa, whose style influenced many subsequent schools.
Itosu Ankō (1831–1915): Studied under Matsumura, created the simplified Pin'an (Heian) forms, and was instrumental in introducing karate into Okinawan public schools in 1905. He is often called "the Grandfather of Modern Karate."
Higaonna Kanryō (1853–1915): Returned from China to found what became Naha-te, teaching masters like Chōjun Miyagi (founder of Gōjū-ryū).
Uechi Kanbun (1877–1948): Studied Chinese martial arts in Fuzhou, China, and later developed his own style, Uechi-ryū, based on the Sanchin, Seisan, and Sanseiryu kata.

Introduction to Mainland Japan

Karate's introduction to mainland Japan began in the early 20th century. Ankō Itosu and his students, notably Gichin Funakoshi and Motobu Chōki, were pivotal in this expansion. Funakoshi, founder of Shotokan, gave demonstrations at the first Physical Education Exhibition in Tokyo in 1922 and at the Kodokan Judo Institute. Motobu Chōki's victory over a foreign boxer in Kyoto, widely reported in a popular magazine, significantly boosted karate's recognition across Japan.

The 1920s saw the publication of the first karate books by Funakoshi (1922) and Motobu (1926), further disseminating the art. University karate clubs quickly formed, with Okinawan masters like Kenwa Mabuni, Chōjun Miyagi, Kanken Tōyama, and Kanbun Uechi traveling to teach. The shift from "Tang hand" to "empty hand" (空手) was formalized in 1936, driven by nationalistic sentiments and a desire to establish karate as a distinct Japanese martial art. The addition of the dō suffix emphasized its philosophical depth.

Modernization also included the adoption of the karategi (uniform) and colored belt ranking system, inspired by Judo's founder, Jigoro Kano. Initially, karate training was heavily focused on kata, but influenced by judo and kendo, kumite (sparring) gradually developed, moving from pre-arranged drills to free sparring. After a temporary ban following WWII, karate resumed activities, and new styles like Kyokushin, founded by Masutatsu Oyama in 1957, emerged with an emphasis on full-contact sparring and physical toughness.

The Discipline of Practice

Core Training Elements

Karate training is systematically structured into three fundamental components: kihon (basics or fundamentals), kata (forms), and kumite (sparring). Each element plays a crucial role in developing a well-rounded karate-ka, fostering not only physical prowess but also mental discipline and character.

Kihon (基本): Focuses on mastering foundational techniques such as stances, strikes, punches, kicks, and blocks. This is often practiced in unison by groups, or through prearranged drills in pairs, forming the bedrock of all subsequent training.
Kata (型): Formalized sequences of movements representing idealized offensive and defensive postures. These forms are critical for understanding the art's principles and are often a requirement for rank advancement.
Kumite (組手): Literally "meeting of hands," kumite refers to sparring. It is practiced both as a sport and for self-defense, with varying levels of physical contact depending on the style and competition rules.

Kata and Bunkai

Kata are more than just choreographed movements; they are repositories of combat knowledge. The practical application of these movements against real or imagined opponents is known as bunkai (分解). Understanding bunkai is essential for a karate-ka to grasp the true purpose and effectiveness of each stance and movement within a kata. Demonstrating competent performance of specific kata is a prerequisite for formal rank advancement, with requirements varying across schools.

Kumite: Controlled Engagement

Kumite encompasses a spectrum of sparring practices. In structured kumite (yakusoku), participants perform pre-arranged techniques, focusing on precision and control. Free sparring (jiyu kumite) allows for spontaneous application of techniques, with rules governing contact levels and allowed maneuvers. These can range from light or semi-contact, where points are awarded based on form, timing, and control, to full-contact (e.g., Knockdown karate or bogu kumite with armor), where impact results determine scoring. Some styles also incorporate takedowns, sweeps, and limited grappling.

Conditioning and Dojo Kun

Physical conditioning is integral to karate. Okinawan karate traditionally employs hojo undo, supplementary training using simple equipment like makiwara (striking posts) and nigiri game (grip-strengthening jars) to build strength, stamina, speed, and coordination. Modern sport karate also emphasizes aerobic and anaerobic exercise, agility, flexibility, and stress management. Beyond the physical, the Dōjō Kun (道場訓) provides a set of ethical guidelines, emphasizing character perfection, effort, and courtesy, guiding practitioners both within the training hall (dōjō) and in daily life.

Karate as Sport

Governing Bodies and Competitions

Karate is organized into numerous style-specific and non-style-specific federations globally. The World Karate Federation (WKF) stands as the largest and is recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as the official governing body for Olympic karate. The WKF establishes common rules for international competition, which typically include two main disciplines: kumite (sparring) and kata (forms). Competitions are held at local, national, and international levels, often categorized by age, rank, and gender.

Olympic Recognition

A historic moment for karate occurred in August 2016 when the IOC approved its inclusion as an Olympic sport for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. This debut featured sixty competitors in kumite and twenty in kata. While karate was not included in the 2024 Olympic Games, it has been shortlisted for consideration for the 2028 Summer Olympics, reflecting ongoing efforts for its sustained presence on the global sporting stage.

Karate in Mixed Martial Arts (MMA)

Although not universally dominant, karate has proven effective for several practitioners in Mixed Martial Arts (MMA). Fighters like Lyoto Machida and John Makdessi (Shotokan), Bas Rutten and Georges St-Pierre (Kyokushin), Michelle Waterson (American Free Style Karate), Stephen Thompson (American Kenpo Karate), and Robert Whittaker (Gōjū-ryū) have successfully integrated karate techniques into their MMA arsenals, demonstrating its practical combat utility.

The Philosophy of Karate-dō

Cultivating the Mind and Spirit

Beyond its physical techniques, Karate-dō is deeply rooted in spiritual cultivation and self-knowledge, a characteristic shared with many Japanese martial arts that transitioned from -jutsu (technique) to -dō (way). Gichin Funakoshi, a pivotal figure in modern karate, emphasized that the "kara" (empty) in Karate-dō signifies purging oneself of selfish and evil thoughts, allowing for a clear mind and conscience to truly grasp the art's profound lessons.

Humility and Conviction

Funakoshi advocated for practitioners to be "inwardly humble and outwardly gentle." This humility is crucial for openness to learning and receptive to criticism. He stressed the paramount importance of courtesy. Furthermore, he taught that karate should only be applied in dire, rare circumstances where one's life or safety is truly at stake, stating that a true expert's blow could be lethal. Practitioners must never be easily drawn into conflict, yet possess the personal conviction and courage to face immense challenges in times of grave public crisis, viewing indecisiveness as a significant weakness.

Diverse Styles

Okinawan Parent Styles

Karate has branched into numerous styles, each with distinct training methodologies, focal points, and cultural nuances. These styles primarily trace their lineage back to the historical Okinawan parent styles: Shuri-te, Naha-te, and Tomari-te. While some founders, like Gichin Funakoshi and Kenwa Mabuni, expressed skepticism about the fragmentation of karate into many distinct styles, the diversity reflects different interpretations and emphases over time.

Main Japanese Schools

As of the 1980s, four main schools of karate were widely recognized in mainland Japan, and these are the styles acknowledged by the World Karate Federation (WKF) for international kata competition:

Gōjū-ryū: Known for its combination of hard and soft techniques, emphasizing circular movements and close-range fighting.
Shotokan: Characterized by deep, long stances and powerful, linear techniques, focusing on strong, decisive movements.
Shitō-ryū: A comprehensive style that blends elements of Shuri-te and Naha-te, known for its vast array of kata and emphasis on speed.
Wadō-ryū: Integrates Okinawan karate with Japanese jujutsu, focusing on body shifting, evasion, and joint locks alongside striking.

Other widespread styles, such as Kyokushin, Shōrin-ryū, Uechi-Ryū, and Isshin-ryū, are also commonly accepted in various kata competitions, further illustrating the rich tapestry of karate traditions.

Global Footprint

Spread Across Continents

Karate's influence has expanded far beyond its Japanese origins, establishing a significant presence across every continent. This global dissemination began in earnest after World War II, as servicemen stationed in Okinawa and Japan brought the art back to their home countries, and Japanese masters traveled abroad to teach.

The Americas

In Canada, karate emerged in the 1930s and 40s with Japanese immigrants, notably Masaru Shintani (Shorin-Ryu, Wado-Ryu) and Masami Tsuruoka, who initiated the first Canadian karate competition in 1954. In the United States, Robert Trias opened the first dōjō in 1945. Key figures like Tsutomu Ohshima (Shotokan Karate of America) and Hidetaka Nishiyama (International Traditional Karate Federation) were instrumental in establishing and popularizing various styles across the nation.

Asia and Beyond

In Korea, karate significantly influenced the development of modern Korean martial arts like Tang Soo Do and Taekwondo, with masters like Won Kuk Lee and Choi Hong Hi having trained under Gichin Funakoshi. The Soviet Union saw karate's rise in the 1960s, experiencing periods of prohibition and legalization before independent schools flourished after 1991. The Philippines also has a strong karate presence through organizations like Karate Pilipinas.

Europe and Oceania

Japanese masters like Taiji Kase (France), Keinosuke Enoeda (England), and Hiroshi Shirai (Italy) were dispatched by the Japan Karate Association in the 1960s, establishing strong Shotokan foundations. The UK saw early adoption through Vernon Bell and later the formation of the Karate Union of Great Britain. In Oceania, the Australian Karate Federation was established in 1970, with Frank Novak opening the first Shotokan dōjō in Australia in 1972, leading to Australia's first Karate Olympian, Tsuneari Yahiro, in 2020.

Karate in PopCulture

Cinematic Influence

Karate's global popularity was significantly amplified through film and popular culture, particularly in the West. From the mythical portrayals in 1950s fiction to the surge in martial arts films during the 1960s and 70s, karate became a household name. Iconic figures like Bruce Lee, Chuck Norris, and Jackie Chan, though often practicing a blend of martial arts, contributed to a general fascination with Asian combat forms, with "karate" often used generically to refer to striking arts.

Gaming and Television

The 1980s and 90s further cemented karate's place in popular culture through video games and television. Arcade fighting games like Karate Champ (1984) and Street Fighter (1987), featuring multiple karate-ka characters, popularized the one-on-one fighting genre. Television shows like Karate Kommandos and the enduring Japanese media franchise Dragon Ball, which incorporates various East Asian martial arts including karate, brought the art to younger audiences.

The Karate Kid Legacy

Perhaps no single cultural phenomenon popularized karate in mainstream American culture more than The Karate Kid film series (1984-1994) and its television sequel, Cobra Kai (2018-present). These narratives introduced millions to the discipline, philosophy, and competitive aspects of karate, inspiring new generations to explore the martial art. Even in films like The Matrix, characters like Neo are depicted learning Kenpo Karate as part of their combat training, showcasing its versatility and effectiveness.

Film Stars and Their Styles

Many actors and martial artists famous for their on-screen prowess have deep roots in specific karate styles:

Film stars and their styles
Practitioner	Fighting style
Shin Koyamada	Keishinkan
Sonny Chiba	Kyokushin
Sean Connery	Kyokushin
Hiroyuki Sanada	Kyokushin
Dolph Lundgren	Kyokushin
Michael Jai White	Kyokushin
Yasuaki Kurata	Shito-ryu
Fumio Demura	Shitō-ryū
Don "The Dragon" Wilson	Gōjū-ryu
Richard Norton	Gōjū-ryu
Yukari Oshima	Gōjū-ryu
Leung Siu-Lung	Gōjū-ryu
Wesley Snipes	Shotokan
Jean-Claude Van Damme	Shotokan
Jim Kelly	Shōrin-ryū
Joe Lewis	Shōrin-ryū
Tadashi Yamashita	Shōrin-ryū
Matt Mullins	Shōrei-ryū
Sho Kosugi	Shindō jinen-ryū
Weng Weng	Undetermined

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References

The name of the Tang dynasty was a synonym for "China" in Okinawa.

Funakoshi, Gichin. "Karate-dÅ Kyohan â The Master Text" Tokyo. Kodansha International; 1973. Page 4

The Original Martial Arts Encyclopedia, John Corcoran and Emil Farkas, pgs. 170â197

A full list of references for this article are available at the Karate Wikipedia page

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This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional martial arts instruction or safety advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for qualified instruction from a certified martial arts sensei or professional physical trainer. Engaging in martial arts training, including karate, carries inherent risks of injury. Always consult with a qualified instructor and healthcare professional before beginning any new physical activity or martial arts practice. Never disregard professional advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The Unyielding Path

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Karate: An Overview ℹ️

🇯🇵 A Martial Art Defined

📜 Roots and Evolution

🌍 Global Reach and Recognition

Etymological Journey 📚

✍️ From 'Hand' to 'Empty Hand'

🔄 A Name Transformed

🧘 The 'Way' of Karate-dō

📊 Name Transition Timeline

Tracing the Origins ⛩️

🎭 The Mēkata Theory

🇨🇳 Chinese Influence: Min's Thirty-Six Families

⚔️ The Keichō Import Theory & Other Ideas

Evolution & Masters 📈

🏝️ Okinawan Development

🇯🇵 Introduction to Mainland Japan

The Discipline of Practice 💥

🥋 Core Training Elements

🎯 Kata and Bunkai

🤝 Kumite: Controlled Engagement

💪 Conditioning and Dojo Kun

Karate as Sport 🏆

🌐 Governing Bodies and Competitions

🏅 Olympic Recognition

🥊 Karate in Mixed Martial Arts (MMA)

The Philosophy of Karate-dō 🧘

🧠 Cultivating the Mind and Spirit

⚖️ Humility and Conviction

Diverse Styles 🥋

🌳 Okinawan Parent Styles

🇯🇵 Main Japanese Schools

Global Footprint 🌍

🗺️ Spread Across Continents

🇨🇦🇺🇸 The Americas

🇰🇷🇷🇺 Asia and Beyond

🇪🇺🇦🇺 Europe and Oceania

Karate in PopCulture 🎬

🎞️ Cinematic Influence

🎮 Gaming and Television

🥋 The Karate Kid Legacy

🌟 Film Stars and Their Styles

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

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References

📜 References

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Karate: An Overview

A Martial Art Defined

Roots and Evolution

Global Reach and Recognition

Etymological Journey

From 'Hand' to 'Empty Hand'

A Name Transformed

The 'Way' of Karate-dō

Name Transition Timeline

Tracing the Origins

The Mēkata Theory

Chinese Influence: Min's Thirty-Six Families

The Keichō Import Theory & Other Ideas

Evolution & Masters

Okinawan Development

Introduction to Mainland Japan

The Discipline of Practice

Core Training Elements

Kata and Bunkai

Kumite: Controlled Engagement

Conditioning and Dojo Kun

Karate as Sport

Governing Bodies and Competitions

Olympic Recognition

Karate in Mixed Martial Arts (MMA)

The Philosophy of Karate-dō

Cultivating the Mind and Spirit

Humility and Conviction

Diverse Styles

Okinawan Parent Styles

Main Japanese Schools

Global Footprint

Spread Across Continents

The Americas

Asia and Beyond

Europe and Oceania

Karate in PopCulture

Cinematic Influence

Gaming and Television

The Karate Kid Legacy

Film Stars and Their Styles

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice