What was the full name of the German field marshal known as August von Mackensen, and when was he ennobled?

The German field marshal known as August von Mackensen was born Anton Ludwig Friedrich August Mackensen. He was ennobled as von Mackensen in 1899, signifying a change in his social and potentially legal status, often granted for distinguished service.

On what date and in what location was August von Mackensen born?

August von Mackensen was born on December 6, 1849, at Haus Leipnitz, near the village of Dahlenberg in the Prussian Province of Saxony, within the German Confederation, a political entity that existed before the unification of Germany.

When and where did August von Mackensen die, and at what age?

August von Mackensen died on November 8, 1945, at the age of 95, in Habighorst, Province of Hanover, which was part of Allied-occupied Germany following World War II.

What was August von Mackensen's nickname?

August von Mackensen was known by the nickname "The Last Hussar," likely referencing his early service in a hussar regiment and his distinguished, long career.

To which political entities did August von Mackensen pledge allegiance during his military career?

Throughout his career, August von Mackensen was aligned with the Kingdom of Prussia, the North German Confederation, the German Empire, and later the Weimar Republic, reflecting the changing political landscape of Germany during his lifetime.

What major conflicts did August von Mackensen participate in?

August von Mackensen participated in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), which led to the unification of Germany, and World War I (1914-1918), where he held significant command positions.

What were some of the highest military honors awarded to August von Mackensen?

August von Mackensen received prestigious awards such as the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross, the Pour le Mérite with Oak Leaves, and the Order of the Black Eagle, which are among the highest military decorations in German military history.

Who were two of August von Mackensen's sons who also had notable careers?

Two of August von Mackensen's sons were Eberhard von Mackensen, who became a Generaloberst (Colonel General) in the German Army, and Hans Georg von Mackensen, who pursued a diplomatic career.

What was August von Mackensen's father's profession and his initial hopes for his son's career?

August von Mackensen's father, Ludwig Mackensen, was an administrator of agricultural enterprises. He initially hoped his eldest son would follow him into this profession and sent him to a Gymnasium (a type of secondary school) in Halle for his education.

When did Mackensen begin his military service, and with which regiment?

Mackensen began his military service in 1869 as a volunteer with the Prussian 2nd Life Hussars Regiment (Leib-Husaren-Regiment Nr. 2), a distinguished cavalry unit.

For what action did August von Mackensen receive the Iron Cross Second Class during the Franco-Prussian War?

During the Franco-Prussian War, Mackensen was awarded the Iron Cross Second Class for his bravery in leading a charge on a reconnaissance patrol north of Orléans, France.

After leaving the army to study at university, what prompted Mackensen's return to military service?

After studying at Halle University, Mackensen returned to the German Army in 1873, rejoining his old regiment, the 2nd Life Hussars, indicating a strong commitment to his military career.

Who was August von Mackensen's first wife, and what was her family's significance?

In 1879, Mackensen married Doris (Dorothea) von Horn, the sister of a slain comrade. Her father, Karl von Horn, was the influential Oberpräsident (a high-ranking provincial governor) of East Prussia, suggesting a connection to influential political circles.

Who served as a significant mentor to Mackensen early in his career, and what position did he hold?

Julius von Verdy du Vernois, who served as the War Minister, was a significant mentor to Mackensen, likely guiding his early career development within the Prussian military.

What was notable about Mackensen's appointment to the General Staff in 1891?

In 1891, Mackensen was appointed to the General Staff in Berlin, a prestigious position, bypassing the usual three-year preparation at the War Academy. His chief at the time, Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, considered him a "lovable character."

How did Alfred von Schlieffen influence Mackensen's understanding of military command?

Alfred von Schlieffen, whom Mackensen served under as adjutant, was regarded by Mackensen as a great instructor on how to lead armies numbering in the millions, providing him with insights into large-scale military operations.

What unique role did Mackensen hold in relation to Kaiser Wilhelm II, and what was a significant consequence of this?

Mackensen served as an adjutant to Kaiser Wilhelm II, being the first commoner to hold this position. This close proximity allowed him to meet influential figures and led to his ennoblement on the Kaiser's 40th birthday in 1899, granting him the 'von' title.

What distinctive uniform did Mackensen often wear after commanding the 1st Life Hussars Regiment, and why?

After leaving command of the 1st Life Hussars Regiment, Mackensen often wore its distinctive death's head uniform, as he remained 'à la suite' (attached in an honorary capacity) to the regiment, symbolizing his continued connection to this elite unit.

What command did Mackensen hold from 1903 to 1908, and where was it located?

From 1903 to 1908, Mackensen commanded the 36th Division, a significant formation within the German army, which was headquartered in Danzig (now Gdańsk), a major port city.

How did Mackensen's second marriage differ from his first in terms of his wife's age?

After his first wife died in 1905, Mackensen married Leonie von der Osten in 1908. Leonie was 22 years old at the time of their marriage, presenting a notable age difference compared to Mackensen.

Who was considered as Alfred von Schlieffen's successor, and who ultimately received the position?

When Alfred von Schlieffen retired in 1906, Mackensen was considered as a potential successor for the influential position of Chief of the General Staff, but the role was ultimately given to Helmuth von Moltke the Younger.

What was Mackensen's command at the outbreak of World War I, and what was his rapid response to the Russian invasion of East Prussia?

At the start of World War I, Mackensen commanded the XVII Army Corps. Upon receiving orders on August 19, 1914, he initiated a 25 km march to the Rominte River within fifty minutes to counter the Russian invasion of East Prussia, demonstrating remarkable speed and decisiveness.

Which key battles on the Eastern Front did Mackensen's XVII Corps participate in during August and September 1914?

Mackensen's XVII Corps fought in the battles of Gumbinnen (August 20, 1914), Tannenberg (August 23-30, 1914), and the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes (September 2-16, 1914), which were crucial engagements that helped drive the invading Russian forces out of East Prussia.

When did Mackensen take command of the Ninth Army, and what significant award did he receive later that year?

Mackensen took command of the Ninth Army on November 2, 1914. Later that year, on November 27, he was awarded the Pour le Mérite, Prussia's highest military order, for his successful battles around Warsaw and Łódź.

What was the strategic objective of the offensive led by Army Group Mackensen in April 1915, and what was its outcome?

The offensive, known as the Gorlice-Tarnow Offensive, was launched against the Russian flank in response to their advances in Galicia. Mackensen's army group, bolstered by superior artillery, achieved a significant breakthrough, recapturing key cities and advancing hundreds of kilometers, effectively pushing the Russians out of Poland.

What promotion and high honors did Mackensen receive in June 1915 for his successes?

In June 1915, Mackensen was promoted to field marshal on June 22 and received oak leaves for his Pour le Mérite on June 3. He was further honored with the Order of the Black Eagle and the Grand Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph from Bavaria, recognizing his outstanding battlefield achievements.

What was the composition of Army Group Mackensen (Serbia) when it launched its campaign in October 1915?

Army Group Mackensen (Serbia) was composed of the German Eleventh Army, the Austro-Hungarian Third Army, and the Bulgarian First Army, forming a formidable multinational force for the renewed campaign against Serbia.

What was the outcome of the 1915 Serbian campaign led by Mackensen?

The campaign effectively crushed military resistance in Serbia, although it did not destroy the entire Serbian Army, as a significant portion managed to retreat through Albania to Allied-held ports and later rejoined the fighting.

What unique award did Mackensen receive from Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria, and for what occasion?

Upon returning to Vienna after the Serbian campaign, Mackensen was decorated with the Military Merit Cross 1st Class with Diamonds by Emperor Franz Joseph I, a unique award presented to a foreigner in recognition of his military successes.

What did Mackensen reportedly say to his troops about the Serbian enemy before the 1915 campaign?

Mackensen reportedly told his men that the Serbs were "people who love their freedom, and who will fight to the last man," cautioning them not to let this "small enemy" compromise their glory and successes.

What multinational force did Mackensen command during the Romanian campaign of 1916?

During the Romanian campaign, Mackensen commanded a multinational army consisting of troops from Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Germany, coordinating diverse forces against Romania.

What significant event occurred on Mackensen's 67th birthday during the Romanian campaign?

On December 6, 1916, which was his 67th birthday, Mackensen captured the Romanian capital, Bucharest, entering the city on a white horse and taking up residence in the royal palace.

What honor did Mackensen receive on January 9, 1917, and what was named in his honor?

On January 9, 1917, Mackensen was awarded the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross, one of only five recipients during World War I. Additionally, a new class of German battlecruisers was named after him, with the lead ship being SMS Mackensen.

What was Mackensen's role after the capture of Bucharest, and what was his final campaign objective?

Mackensen served as the military governor of the occupied parts of Romania, primarily Wallachia. His final campaign objective was to destroy the reorganized Romanian Army.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Mărășești involving Mackensen's forces?

In the Battle of Mărășești, both Mackensen's forces and the Romanian Army suffered heavy losses, but the Romanian Army ultimately emerged victorious, successfully defending their territory.

What happened to Mackensen and his troops after the armistice of November 11, 1918?

Following the armistice, Mackensen and his 200,000 troops were rounded up. He was arrested by Hungarian authorities in Budapest and later handed over to Allied representatives, being held as a military prisoner in Futog, Serbia, until November 1919.

What was Mackensen's stance on the Treaty of Versailles and the Weimar Republic after retiring from the army?

After retiring in 1920, Mackensen opposed the Treaty of Versailles and the Weimar Republic's parliamentary system. Although initially reserved, he later became active in supporting monarchist and nationalist movements, often appearing in his old military uniform.

In what capacity did Mackensen become involved with the Nazi regime after Hitler came to power?

After Hitler's rise to power in 1933, Mackensen became a visible, though largely symbolic, supporter. He appeared in his old military uniform at Nazi events, such as the Day of Potsdam, and was appointed a Prussian state councillor by Hermann Göring.

How did Mackensen react to the Night of the Long Knives in 1934?

Mackensen was appalled by the murder of his friend General Kurt von Schleicher and General Ferdinand von Bredow during the Night of the Long Knives. He signed a letter to President von Hindenburg protesting these killings and suggesting the formation of a directorate to rule Germany.

Did Mackensen personally blame Hitler for the events of the Night of the Long Knives?

No, Mackensen did not personally blame Hitler for the Night of the Long Knives, instead attributing the actions to "more radical subordinates." He continued to support the regime, possibly wishing for Hitler to remain Chancellor under a directorate.

What impact did Mackensen's fame and uniform have on Third Reich military units?

Mackensen's iconic image and distinctive uniform inspired two Third Reich military units, the Panzerwaffe (armored forces) and the Schutzstaffel (SS), to adopt black dress and Totenkopf (death's head) badges, linking themselves to Imperial Cavalry traditions.

What concerns did Mackensen express in his 1940 letter to Walther von Brauchitsch regarding the invasion of Poland?

In his letter, Mackensen expressed deep concern about the "crimes committed in Poland, looting and murder" occurring before the eyes of German troops. He stated that the "apparent indifference" was damaging the army's morale and esteem and urged action from the highest authority to uphold the army's honor.

Despite his criticisms, how did Hitler and Goebbels view Mackensen's loyalty?

By the early 1940s, Hitler and Joseph Goebbels suspected Mackensen of disloyalty due to his monarchist views and his criticisms of certain Nazi actions. However, they refrained from taking direct action against him.

What symbolic gesture did Mackensen make in June 1941 regarding the former Kaiser?

In June 1941, Mackensen appeared in his full imperial uniform at the funeral of Kaiser Wilhelm II in Doorn, Netherlands, demonstrating his continued loyalty to the Hohenzollern monarchy.

What happened to Mackensen during the final weeks of World War II, according to a CBS News report?

According to a CBS News report, Mackensen was briefly captured by the British Second Army at his home. Upon their arrival, the 95-year-old field marshal's primary concern was preventing "freed foreign workers" from stealing his chickens.

What were the religious affiliations of August von Mackensen and his family?

August von Mackensen and his family were Lutheran Protestants, belonging to the Evangelical Church of Prussia, which was the dominant Protestant church in Prussia and later Germany.

What honors did Mackensen receive from the Kingdom of Prussia, besides military decorations?

Besides military decorations like the Pour le Mérite and Iron Cross, Mackensen received the Order of the Black Eagle, the Order of the Red Eagle with Oakleaves and Royal Crown, the Order of the Crown 1st Class, and the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, reflecting his high standing within the Prussian hierarchy.

What significant honor did Mackensen receive from the Kingdom of Bavaria, and when?

Mackensen received the Grand Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph from the Kingdom of Bavaria on June 4, 1915, which is the highest military honor of Bavaria, awarded for exceptional service.

What honors did Mackensen receive from Austria-Hungary, including a unique award?

From Austria-Hungary, Mackensen received the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Stephen, the Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold with War Decoration, the Grand Cross of the Order of Franz Joseph, and the unique Military Merit Cross 1st Class with Diamonds, signifying significant recognition from the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

What honors did Mackensen receive from the Kingdom of Bulgaria?

Mackensen was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Alexander with Swords and Diamonds, and the 1st Class Military Order for Bravery from the Kingdom of Bulgaria, acknowledging his contributions alongside Bulgarian forces.

What honors did Mackensen receive from the Ottoman Empire?

From the Ottoman Empire, Mackensen received the Order of Osmanieh in both 2nd and 1st Class, and the 1st Class Order of the Medjidie, indicating recognition from the Central Powers' ally.

August Von Mackensen Wiki: Field Marshal von Mackensen: The Iron Hussar

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Early Life and Career

Origins and Military Beginnings

Born Anton Ludwig Friedrich August Mackensen on December 6, 1849, in Haus Leipnitz, Prussia, he hailed from a family with agricultural ties. His father, Ludwig Mackensen, ensured his son received a solid education, initially preparing him for a career in estate administration. However, young August felt the call of military service, enlisting as a volunteer in the Prussian 2nd Life Hussars Regiment in 1869.

The Franco-Prussian War and Early Recognition

His military career was forged in the crucible of the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871). During this conflict, he distinguished himself by leading a charge, earning a promotion to second lieutenant and the Iron Cross Second Class. This early recognition foreshadowed his future military achievements.

Education and Return to Service

Following the war, Mackensen pursued studies at Halle University. However, the military life beckoned, and he rejoined the German Army in 1873, returning to his former regiment. His career trajectory accelerated when he was appointed to the prestigious General Staff in Berlin in 1891, bypassing the traditional War Academy preparation, a testament to his perceived potential.

Mentorship and Imperial Favor

Mackensen found influential mentors in War Minister Julius von Verdy du Vernois and later, Alfred von Schlieffen, Chief of the German General Staff. His sharp intellect and dedication impressed Kaiser Wilhelm II, leading to his appointment as adjutant to the Kaiser in 1893. This pivotal role provided him unparalleled access and influence, culminating in his ennoblement as 'von Mackensen' in 1899.

World War I: A Field Marshal's Ascent

The Veteran Commander

At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Mackensen, at 65, was already a seasoned officer. He commanded the XVII Army Corps, which was quickly deployed to the Eastern Front. His decisive actions in the early battles against the Russian invasion of East Prussia, including Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes, earned him commendations and the Pour le Mérite award.

Eastern Front Victories

Mackensen's strategic acumen shone brightly on the Eastern Front. He took command of the Ninth Army and led successful offensives, notably the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive in 1915. This campaign, characterized by overwhelming artillery superiority and rapid advances, pushed Russian forces back significantly, leading to his promotion to Field Marshal in June 1915.

The Serbian Campaign

In October 1915, Mackensen was entrusted with commanding a multinational army group for the renewed campaign against Serbia. Despite respecting the Serbian soldiers' tenacity, his forces achieved a decisive victory, crushing effective resistance. His campaign was noted for its strategic coordination and successful execution.

Romanian Conquest

In 1916, Mackensen led another multinational force into Romania. Exploiting a pincer movement with German forces advancing through the Carpathian Mountains, his army group crossed the Danube and captured the capital, Bucharest, by December 1916, shortly after his 67th birthday. This victory earned him the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross, the highest Prussian military honor.

Key Campaigns and Leadership

Eastern Front Operations

Mackensen's early involvement in World War I saw him commanding forces against Russia in East Prussia. His rapid deployment and tactical success in battles like Tannenberg were crucial in repelling the initial Russian invasion, establishing his reputation as a capable commander.

Serbian Campaign of 1915

The campaign against Serbia in 1915 was a significant undertaking for Mackensen. Leading a combined force of German, Austro-Hungarian, and Bulgarian troops, he orchestrated a successful invasion that overwhelmed Serbian defenses. His respect for the enemy's fighting spirit was noted, even amidst military victory.

Romanian Campaign of 1916

The conquest of Romania in 1916 marked another major success for Mackensen. His army group's strategic advance and capture of Bucharest demonstrated effective combined-arms operations and contributed significantly to the Central Powers' position in the war.

Nickname: "The Last Hussar"

Mackensen's distinctive Hussar uniform, particularly the death's head insignia he often wore, contributed to his iconic image. He became known as "The Last Hussar," a moniker reflecting both his personal style and his command of cavalry traditions, even as warfare evolved.

Postwar Life and Complex Allegiances

Post-War Internment

Following the armistice in 1918, Mackensen was interned by the Allies in Serbia for over a year. Despite being on a list of accused war criminals, the charges were eventually dropped. He retired from the army in 1920, disillusioned with the post-war political landscape of Germany.

Monarchist and Nationalist Support

In his retirement, Mackensen remained a staunch monarchist and nationalist. He actively supported conservative and nationalist groups, often appearing in his World War I uniform, symbolizing a connection to Germany's imperial past. He initially supported Paul von Hindenburg over Adolf Hitler in the 1932 presidential election.

Relationship with the Nazi Regime

Upon Hitler's rise to power in 1933, Mackensen became a visible, albeit largely symbolic, supporter. He participated in regime events like the Day of Potsdam and was appointed to the Prussian State Council. However, he privately expressed strong disapproval of the Night of the Long Knives and later voiced concerns about Nazi atrocities in Poland, though he continued to support the regime publicly.

Enduring Criticisms and Legacy

Despite his reservations, Mackensen's continued public association with the Nazi regime led to him being suspected of disloyalty by Hitler's inner circle. His iconic image and military prestige were co-opted by the Nazis, even leading to Elastolin figures and military units adopting his uniform's aesthetic. He died in 1945, having lived through numerous German political eras.

Family and Personal Life

First Marriage and Children

In 1879, Mackensen married Dorothea von Horn, the sister of a fallen comrade. They had five children: Else, Hans Georg (a diplomat), Manfred, Eberhard (who became a Generaloberst), and Ruth. His first wife passed away in 1905.

Second Marriage

Two years after his first wife's death, Mackensen married Leonie von der Osten, who was significantly younger. This union further shaped his personal life during his later career and retirement.

Religious Affiliation

August von Mackensen and his family were adherents of the Lutheran Protestant faith within the Evangelical Church of Prussia.

Distinguished Honors and Recognition

A Plethora of Accolades

Field Marshal von Mackensen received an extensive array of honors throughout his distinguished military career, reflecting his service across multiple German states and allied nations. These accolades recognized his battlefield successes and leadership.

Among his most significant awards were:

Prussia: Pour le Mérite with Oakleaves, Grand Cross of the Iron Cross, Order of the Black Eagle.
Bavaria: Military Order of Max Joseph (Grand Cross).
Austria-Hungary: Military Order of Maria Theresa (Grand Cross).
Bulgaria: Military Order for Bravery (1st Class).
Ottoman Empire: Order of Osmanieh (1st Class).

He also received honorary doctorates from universities and had a class of battlecruisers named after him, SMS Mackensen.

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References

Theo SchwarzmÃ¼ller, Zwischen Kaiser und "FÃ¼hrer". Generalfeldmarschall August von Mackensen. Eine politische biographie. (Munich: Deutsche Taschenbuch Verlag, 1995), 17â29.

The withdrawal of Mackensenâs army from Romania

1945 Radio News, "1945-04-15 CBS World News Today" at around 14:25, at archive.org.

Rangliste der KÃ¶niglich PreuÃischen Armee und des XIII. (KÃ¶niglich WÃ¼rttembergischen) Armeekorps fÃ¼r 1914, E.S. Mittler & Sohn, Berlin 1914, p. 101

Handbuch Ã¼ber den KÃ¶niglich PreuÃischen Hof und Staat fur das Jahr 1908, p. 39

Erhard Roth: Verleihungen von militÃ¤rischen Orden und Ehrenzeichen des KÃ¶nigreichs Bayern im Ersten Weltkrieg 1914-1918, Phaleristischer Verlag Michael Autengruber, Offenbach am Main, 1997, ISBN 3-932543-19-X

Regierungsblatt fÃ¼r Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Verleihungen des MilitÃ¤rverdienstkreuzes, XIX.VerÃ¶ffentlichung, 13.10.1916

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A full list of references for this article are available at the August von Mackensen Wikipedia page

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Field Marshal von Mackensen: The Iron Hussar

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Early Life and Career 👤

👶 Origins and Military Beginnings

🎖️ The Franco-Prussian War and Early Recognition

🎓 Education and Return to Service

👑 Mentorship and Imperial Favor

World War I: A Field Marshal's Ascent ⚔️

👴 The Veteran Commander

💥 Eastern Front Victories

🇷🇸 The Serbian Campaign

🇷🇴 Romanian Conquest

Key Campaigns and Leadership 🗺️

🇷🇺 Eastern Front Operations

🇷🇸 Serbian Campaign of 1915

🇷🇴 Romanian Campaign of 1916

⭐ Nickname: "The Last Hussar"

Postwar Life and Complex Allegiances 🏛️

⛓️ Post-War Internment

👑 Monarchist and Nationalist Support

🤝 Relationship with the Nazi Regime

🤔 Enduring Criticisms and Legacy

Family and Personal Life 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦

💍 First Marriage and Children

💍 Second Marriage

✝️ Religious Affiliation

Distinguished Honors and Recognition 🎖️

📜 A Plethora of Accolades

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Early Life and Career

Origins and Military Beginnings

The Franco-Prussian War and Early Recognition

Education and Return to Service

Mentorship and Imperial Favor

World War I: A Field Marshal's Ascent

The Veteran Commander

Eastern Front Victories

The Serbian Campaign

Romanian Conquest

Key Campaigns and Leadership

Eastern Front Operations

Serbian Campaign of 1915

Romanian Campaign of 1916

Nickname: "The Last Hussar"

Postwar Life and Complex Allegiances

Post-War Internment

Monarchist and Nationalist Support

Relationship with the Nazi Regime

Enduring Criticisms and Legacy

Family and Personal Life

First Marriage and Children

Second Marriage

Religious Affiliation

Distinguished Honors and Recognition

A Plethora of Accolades

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice