What is the Canada-United States border recognized for globally?

The international border between Canada and the United States is recognized as the longest in the world by total length. This includes boundaries in the Great Lakes, Atlantic, and Pacific coasts, as well as the land border.

What is the total length of the Canada-United States border, including its various components?

The total length of the Canada-United States border, encompassing land boundaries and those in the Great Lakes, Atlantic, and Pacific coasts, is 8,891 kilometers (5,525 miles).

Which specific U.S. states and Canadian provinces/territories share a portion of this international boundary?

Eight out of thirteen Canadian provinces and territories, and thirteen out of fifty U.S. states, share this international boundary. These include Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick for Canada, and Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine for the United States.

What are the primary responsibilities of the International Boundary Commission?

The International Boundary Commission is responsible for matters relating to marking and maintaining the boundary, including maintaining boundary monuments and buoys, and keeping a 6-meter (20-foot) wide border vista clear of brush and vegetation.

What is the role of the International Joint Commission regarding the Canada-United States border?

The International Joint Commission, established under the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909, deals with issues concerning boundary waters, investigating and approving projects that affect the waters and waterways along the border.

What are the two main sections of the land border between Canada and the United States?

The land border between Canada and the United States consists of two main sections: Canada's border with the northern tier of the contiguous United States to its south, and Canada's border with the U.S. state of Alaska to its west.

How was the initial boundary between Great Britain and the United States established in 1783?

The initial boundary was established by the Treaty of Paris of 1783, which ended the American Revolutionary War. It defined the line from the northwest angle of Nova Scotia to the northwesternmost head of the Connecticut River, down the middle of the river to the 45th parallel of north latitude, and further west through the St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, and rivers to the Lake of the Woods.

What was the significance of the 45th parallel in the 18th-century border definition?

The 45th parallel was significant because it had been established in 1763 by King George III as the boundary between the provinces of Quebec and New York (which included what would become Vermont), and was subsequently adopted as part of the international border in the Treaty of Paris.

What challenge arose in defining the border from the Lake of the Woods to the Mississippi River, and how was it eventually resolved?

The challenge was that the agreed-upon line from the northwesternmost point of the Lake of the Woods was to go straight west until it met the Mississippi River, but the river's source is farther south, meaning the line would never meet it. This was eventually resolved by drawing the border from the lake's northwestern point south to the 49th Parallel.

What was the primary function of the International Boundary Commission as established by the Jay Treaty of 1794?

The Jay Treaty of 1794 established the International Boundary Commission, primarily charged with surveying and mapping the boundary between Great Britain and the United States.

How did the Treaty of Ghent (1814) impact the Canada-United States border?

The Treaty of Ghent, signed in December 1814, ended the War of 1812 and returned the boundaries of British North America and the United States to their pre-war state, effectively restoring the border as it was before the conflict.

What was the purpose of the Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817?

The Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817 provided a plan for demilitarizing the naval forces of both sides in the War of 1812 on the Great Lakes and also laid out preliminary principles for drawing a border between British North America and the United States.

How did the Treaty of 1818 expand the boundary westward and resolve land claims?

The Treaty of 1818 expanded the boundary westward along the 49th parallel from the Northwest Angle at Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains. It extinguished British claims south of the 49th parallel in the Red River Valley and U.S. claims north of the 49th parallel in the Missouri River watershed, which was part of the Louisiana Purchase.

What was the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 primarily concerned with?

The Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 was primarily concerned with resolving disputes over the interpretation of earlier border treaties and correcting surveying mistakes, particularly the Aroostook War dispute over the Maine, New Brunswick, and Province of Canada boundary.

Describe the Fort Blunder dilemma and its resolution.

The Fort Blunder dilemma occurred when U.S. federal government fortifications built near Rouses Point, New York, on Lake Champlain, were discovered to be three-quarters of a mile (1.2 km) south of the actual 45th parallel, placing the fort in Canada. The Webster-Ashburton Treaty resolved this by leaving the border on the meandering surveyed line, thus keeping the fort within U.S. territory.

What was the outcome of the Oregon Treaty of 1846 regarding the border west of the Rocky Mountains?

The Oregon Treaty of 1846 resolved a boundary dispute by establishing the 49th parallel as the boundary through the Rocky Mountains, excluding Vancouver Island, which remained British territory.

What was the focus of the International Boundary Survey that began in 1872?

The International Boundary Survey, also known as the Northern Boundary Survey in the U.S., began in 1872 with the mandate to establish the border as agreed to in the Treaty of 1818, specifically focusing on the section from the Lake of the Woods to the summit of the Rocky Mountains.

What event led to the establishment of the Alaska boundary by a joint tribunal in 1903?

The Klondike Gold Rush led to a dispute over the boundary of southeast Alaska, which was subsequently resolved by a joint United Kingdom-Canada-U.S. tribunal in 1903.

What significant changes were made to the border through the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes by the Treaty of 1908?

The Treaty of 1908, specifically Article IV, led to a survey and delimitation of the boundary through the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes using modern surveying techniques, resulting in several changes to the border.

What is the permanent mission of the International Boundary Commission, established in 1925?

In 1925, the International Boundary Commission's temporary mission became permanent, tasked with maintaining the survey and mapping of the border, preserving boundary monuments and buoys, and keeping a 6-meter (20-foot) wide border vista clear of vegetation.

How did the September 11 attacks influence border security between Canada and the United States?

Following the September 11 attacks, security along the border was dramatically tightened by both countries in populated and rural areas, leading to intrusive inspections, considerable border congestion, and active intelligence sharing.

What was the Smart Border Declaration of 2001, and what innovations did it introduce?

The Smart Border Declaration, signed on December 12, 2001, was an agreement between Canada and the U.S. to enhance border security while facilitating trade and travel. It pioneered innovations such as cargo and passenger preclearance, the Free and Secure Trade (FAST) program, and the NEXUS trusted traveler program.

What was the duration and historical significance of the 2020-2021 border closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic?

The 2020-2021 border closure, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, lasted from March 21, 2020, until July 21, 2021, for non-essential travel. It was reportedly the first long-term blanket closure of the border since the War of 1812.

What concerns did business advocacy groups and the Northern Border Caucus raise regarding the COVID-19 border closure?

Business advocacy groups noted the substantial economic impact of the closure on both sides of the border and called for more nuanced restrictions instead of a blanket ban on non-essential travel. The Northern Border Caucus in the U.S. Congress made similar suggestions.

Why is the Canada-United States border often referred to as the 'longest undefended border'?

The Canada-United States border is commonly referred to as the longest undefended border because it is not militarized, meaning there are no military forces stationed along its length, although civilian law enforcement is present.

What are the legal requirements for individuals crossing the Canada-United States border?

It is illegal to cross the border outside of designated border controls, as anyone crossing must be checked under immigration and customs laws by the respective agencies of the country they are entering.

What are the main security concerns identified by US Customs and Border Protection along the northern border?

US Customs and Border Protection identifies the chief security issues along the northern border as domestic and international terrorism, the smuggling of illegal drugs and products like tobacco to evade customs duties, and illegal immigration.

What resource challenges did a June 2019 U.S. Government Accountability Office report identify for CBP on the Northern border?

A June 2019 U.S. Government Accountability Office report identified specific staffing and resource shortfalls for U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) on the Northern border, noting an insufficient number of agents for land, air, and maritime missions by the U.S. Border Patrol and CBP Air and Marine Operations.

What is the 'border vista' and what regulations apply to property owners adjacent to it?

The border vista is a 6-meter-wide (20-foot) strip along the boundary that is kept clear of brush and vegetation. Residents of both nations owning adjacent property are forbidden to build within this vista without permission from the International Boundary Commission and are required to report any such construction to their governments.

What security measures are employed in remote areas of the border where staffed crossings are unavailable?

In remote areas without staffed border crossings, hidden sensors are placed on roads, trails, railways, and wooded areas near potential crossing points to detect unauthorized entries.

What is the policy regarding a 'border zone' along the Canada-United States border?

There is no formal border zone along the Canada-United States border. However, U.S. Customs and Border Protection routinely sets up checkpoints as far as 100 miles (160 km) into U.S. territory.

What were the identification requirements for American and Canadian citizens crossing the border before 2007?

Before 2007, American and Canadian citizens were only required to produce a birth certificate and a driver's license or government-issued identification card when crossing the Canada-United States border.

What was the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI), and when was its first phase implemented?

The Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI) was a U.S. Department of Homeland Security program introducing new identification requirements for travelers entering the United States. Its first phase, specifying acceptable forms of identification, was implemented on January 23, 2007.

List the six forms of identification acceptable for entering the United States under the WHTI, depending on the mode of travel.

Under the WHTI, the six acceptable forms of identification for entering the United States, depending on the mode of travel, are: a valid passport (required for air entry), a United States passport card, an enhanced driver's license, a trusted traveler program card (NEXUS, FAST, or SENTRI), a valid Merchant Mariner Credential (for official maritime business), and a valid U.S. military identification card (for official orders).

What are the identification requirements for Canadian citizens entering Canada from the U.S.?

To cross into Canada, a traveler must carry identification and a valid visa if necessary. Acceptable forms of identification include a valid passport, a Canadian Emergency Travel Document, an enhanced driver's license issued by a Canadian province or territory, or an enhanced identification/photo card issued by a Canadian province or territory.

How do trusted traveler programs like FAST or NEXUS affect identification requirements for American and Canadian citizens?

American and Canadian citizens who are members of trusted traveler programs like FAST or NEXUS may present their respective cards as an alternate form of identification when crossing the international boundary by land or sea, or when arriving by air from only Canada or the United States.

What historical smuggling activity was widespread along the border during the 1920s?

During the 1920s, when Prohibition was in effect in the United States and parts of Canada, the smuggling of alcoholic beverages, known as 'rum running,' was widespread along the border.

What types of smuggling have Canadian and U.S. officials focused on in recent years?

In recent years, Canadian officials have focused on drug, cigarette, and firearm smuggling from the United States, while U.S. officials have primarily addressed drug smuggling via Canada.

Describe a notable instance of marijuana smuggling discovered in 2005.

In July 2005, law enforcement personnel arrested three men who had constructed a 110-meter (360-foot) tunnel under the border between British Columbia and Washington, which was intended for marijuana smuggling. This was the first such tunnel known on this border.

What unique jurisdictional challenges exist regarding smuggling in the Mohawk territory of Akwesasne?

The Mohawk territory of Akwesasne straddles the Ontario-Quebec-New York borders, and its First Nations sovereignty prevents various Canadian and U.S. law enforcement agencies from exercising jurisdiction over exchanges that occur within the territory, leading to ongoing smuggling, primarily of tobacco and firearms.

What was the reason for the Mohawk people of Akwesasne's occupation of the Canada Border Services Agency port of entry in May 2009?

The Mohawk people of Akwesasne occupied the Canada Border Services Agency port of entry building in May 2009 to protest the Canadian government's decision to arm its border agents while they were operating on Mohawk territory.

How was the 2009 border occupation at the Seaway International Bridge resolved?

During the 2009 border occupation, the Canadian border at this crossing remained closed for six weeks. It was resolved when the Canada Border Services Agency opened a temporary inspection station at the north end of the north span of the Seaway International Bridge in Cornwall on July 13, 2009, allowing traffic to resume in both directions.

What phenomenon occurred at the Quebec-New York border in August 2017?

In August 2017, the border between Quebec and New York experienced an influx of up to 500 irregular crossings each day by individuals seeking asylum in Canada.

How many irregular crossings were intercepted by the RCMP between January 2017 and March 2018?

Between the beginning of January 2017 and the end of March 2018, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) intercepted 25,645 people crossing the border into Canada from unauthorized points of entry, with an estimated additional 2,500 in April 2018, totaling over 28,000.

How many Canadian provinces and territories, and U.S. states, share the international boundary?

Eight Canadian provinces and territories and thirteen U.S. states share the international boundary between Canada and the United States.

How is the border between Yukon and Alaska primarily defined?

The border between the Canadian territory of Yukon and the U.S. state of Alaska primarily follows the 141st meridian west from the Beaufort Sea southwards, then proceeds in a southeastward direction along the Saint Elias Mountains south of 60°18′N.

Describe the two distinct international borders that British Columbia shares with the United States.

British Columbia shares two international borders with the United States: one with Alaska along its northwest, which follows the Saint Elias Mountains and Portland Canal to the Pacific Ocean, and another with the contiguous United States (Washington, Idaho, and Montana) along its southern edge, which includes the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Haro Strait, Boundary Pass, and the 49th parallel.

What is the primary geographical feature defining the Canada-U.S. border across Alberta, Saskatchewan, and most of Manitoba?

The primary geographical feature defining the Canada-U.S. border across Alberta, Saskatchewan, and nearly the entire border in Manitoba is the 49th parallel north.

What is the Northwest Angle, and what special procedures are in place for accessing it?

The Northwest Angle is the only part of the United States, other than Alaska, that is north of the 49th parallel, located in Minnesota. Special procedures have been arranged for crossing through Manitoba to reach and return from this territory, which involve telephoning U.S. Customs.

What is a notable characteristic of Ontario's border with the United States?

A notable characteristic of Ontario's border with the United States is that most of it is a water boundary, traversing numerous lakes and rivers, including the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.

Which major bodies of water form parts of the Ontario-U.S. border?

Major bodies of water forming parts of the Ontario-U.S. border include the Lake of the Woods, Rainy River, Rainy Lake, Namakan Lake, Lac la Croix, Sea Gull Lake, Pigeon River, Lake Superior, Whitefish Bay, St. Mary's River, North Channel, False Detour Channel, Lake Huron, St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, Detroit River, Lake Erie, Niagara River, Lake Ontario, and the St. Lawrence River.

Canada U2013united States Border Wiki: The Unseen Line: A Scholarly Examination of the Canada-U.S. Border

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Overview

North America's Defining Boundary

The Canada–United States border represents the international boundary between Canada and the United States, two sovereign nations in North America. It is a critical geopolitical feature, defining the northern extent of the contiguous United States and the southern reach of Canada.

The World's Longest

Stretching an impressive 8,891 kilometers (5,525 miles), this border holds the distinction of being the longest international land border in the world. Its immense length traverses diverse landscapes, from dense forests and vast plains to major waterways and mountainous regions, reflecting the expansive territories of both nations.

A Unique Relationship

Often referred to as the "undefended border," it symbolizes a unique and enduring relationship between Canada and the United States, characterized by extensive economic ties, cultural exchange, and a shared commitment to security and cooperation. Despite its length, it is largely peaceful and managed through bilateral agreements and joint commissions.

History

Origins

The initial establishment of the Canada–United States border dates back to September 3, 1783, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. This pivotal treaty marked the formal conclusion of the American War of Independence, delineating the boundaries of the newly independent United States and British North America.

Evolving Demarcation

While the Treaty of Paris laid the groundwork, the border's precise configuration evolved over more than a century through a series of subsequent agreements. Its current shape was largely finalized on April 11, 1908, following the Treaty of 1908, which resolved many of the remaining ambiguities and disputes regarding its exact demarcation.

The following treaties were instrumental in shaping the Canada-United States border:

Treaty of Paris (1783): Established the initial boundaries after the American Revolutionary War.
Jay Treaty (1794): Addressed various issues, including border disputes and trade, post-Revolutionary War.
Treaty of 1818: Set the boundary along the 49th parallel from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains.
Webster–Ashburton Treaty (1842): Resolved the Aroostook War and established the border in the Northeast, particularly Maine and New Brunswick.
Oregon Treaty (1846): Extended the 49th parallel boundary westward to the Pacific Ocean, settling the Oregon boundary dispute.

Geography

Diverse Landscapes

The Canada-United States border traverses an extraordinary array of geographical features. From the Arctic waters in the north to the Pacific and Atlantic coasts, it encompasses vast oceans, significant inland seas, numerous rivers, and expansive lakes. This geographical diversity presents unique challenges and opportunities for border management and environmental stewardship.

Continental Divides

Notably, the border intersects major hydrological divides, including the Continental Divide of the Americas, which separates drainage basins flowing to the Pacific Ocean from those flowing to the Arctic Ocean and Hudson Bay. Further east, it crosses the Laurentian Divide, delineating waters flowing into the Hudson Bay Basin from those draining into the Gulf of Mexico Basin. These natural features underscore the intricate relationship between the border and the continent's hydrological systems.

Crossings

Points of Entry and Natural Features

Along its extensive length, the Canada-United States border features numerous official land, sea, and air crossings, alongside significant natural geographical markers. These points facilitate the movement of people and goods, while the natural features often define segments of the boundary itself.

The following table provides a comprehensive list of notable geographical features and border crossings along the Canada-United States border:

Feature/Crossing	Type
Arctic Ocean	Ocean
Beaufort Sea	Sea
Continental Divide (Arctic/Pacific Basin)	Divide
Porcupine River	River
Arctic Circle	Geographical Line
Yukon River	River
Poker Creek–Little Gold Creek	Border Crossing
Alcan–Beaver Creek	Border Crossing
Yukon / British Columbia	Provincial/State Boundary
Dalton Cache–Pleasant Camp	Border Crossing
Skagway–Fraser	Border Crossing
White Pass and Yukon Route	Transportation Route
Hyder–Stewart	Border Crossing
Ketchikan (AMH)	Ferry Terminal
Portland Canal	Waterway
Alaska Marine Highway	Ferry Route
Dixon Entrance	Waterway
Alaska / British Columbia	State/Provincial Boundary
Prince Rupert (AMH)	Ferry Terminal
Strait of Juan de Fuca	Waterway
Port Angeles–Victoria Ferry	Ferry Route
Puget Sound	Waterway
Seattle–Victoria Ferry	Ferry Route
Haro Strait	Waterway
Friday Harbor–Sidney Ferry	Ferry Route
Anacortes–Sidney Ferry	Ferry Route
Boundary Pass	Waterway
Bellingham (AMH)	Ferry Terminal
Strait of Georgia	Waterway
Point Roberts–Boundary Bay	Border Crossing
Boundary Bay	Waterway
Amtrak Cascades	Rail Route
Peace Arch Border Crossing	Border Crossing
Pacific Highway Border Crossing	Border Crossing
Lynden–Aldergrove	Border Crossing
Sumas–Huntingdon	Border Crossing
Nighthawk–Chopaka	Border Crossing
Ross Lake	Lake
Silver Skagit Road	Road
Pacific Crest Trail	Trail
Pasayten River	River
Oroville–Osoyoos	Border Crossing
Osoyoos Lake	Lake
Ferry–Midway	Border Crossing
Danville–Carson	Border Crossing
Laurier–Cascade	Border Crossing
Frontier–Paterson	Border Crossing
Columbia River	River
Boundary–Waneta	Border Crossing
Pend Oreille River	River
Metaline Falls–Nelway	Border Crossing
Washington / Idaho	State Boundary
Kootenay River	River
Porthill-Rykerts	Border Crossing
Eastport–Kingsgate	Border Crossing
Idaho / Montana	State Boundary
Lake Koocanusa	Lake
Eureka–Roosville	Border Crossing
North Fork Flathead River	River
Continental Divide (Pacific/Hudson Bay)	Divide
Continental Divide Trail	Trail
Waterton Lake	Lake
Chief Mountain Border Crossing	Border Crossing
Piegan–Carway	Border Crossing
St. Mary River	River
Laurentian Divide (Hudson Bay/Gulf of Mexico Basin)	Divide
Del Bonita Border Crossing	Border Crossing
Milk River (Alberta–Montana)	River
Sweetgrass–Coutts	Border Crossing
Whitlash–Aden	Border Crossing
Milk River	River
Wild Horse Border Crossing	Border Crossing
Alberta / Saskatchewan	Provincial Boundary
Willow Creek Border Crossing	Border Crossing
Turner–Climax	Border Crossing
Morgan–Monchy	Border Crossing
Opheim–West Poplar River	Border Crossing
Scobey–Coronach	Border Crossing
Raymond–Regway	Border Crossing
Montana / North Dakota	State Boundary
Fortuna–Oungre	Border Crossing
Laurentian Divide (Gulf of Mexico/Hudson Bay)	Divide
Ambrose–Torquay	Border Crossing
Noonan–Estevan Highway	Border Crossing
Portal–North Portal	Border Crossing

Treaties

Diplomatic Foundations

The Canada-United States border is not merely a geographical line but a product of extensive diplomatic negotiations and agreements. A series of treaties, spanning over a century, meticulously defined and refined its course, reflecting the evolving political landscapes and territorial claims of both nations.

Landmark Agreements

Key treaties that shaped the border include the Treaty of Paris (1783), which first established the boundary after the American Revolutionary War; the Jay Treaty (1794), addressing early post-war issues; the Treaty of 1818, which set the 49th parallel as a significant portion of the boundary; the Webster–Ashburton Treaty (1842), resolving disputes in the northeastern regions; and the Oregon Treaty (1846), extending the 49th parallel to the Pacific, settling the contentious Oregon boundary dispute.

Disputes

Ongoing Issues

Despite the long history of cooperation and demarcation, certain areas along the Canada-United States border remain subject to ongoing disputes. These unresolved territorial claims or interpretations of boundary lines highlight the complex nature of international borders, even between close allies.

Areas of Contention

While the source material indicates the existence of current disputes, it does not detail specific examples. Such disputes typically involve differing interpretations of historical treaties, geographical features, or resource rights in border regions. These issues are generally managed through diplomatic channels and international law, reflecting the mature relationship between Canada and the United States.

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References

The KazakhstanâRussia border is the world's longest continuous land border.

Henry Commager, "England and Oregon Treaty of 1846". Oregon Historical Quarterly 28.1 (1927): 18â38 online.

Walter N. Sage, "The Oregon Treaty of 1846". Canadian Historical Review 27.4 (1946): 349â367.

Customs Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. 1, s. 11

19 U.S.C. Â§ 1459.

Crossing Through Canada

Simpson, Victoria. 2020. "4 Airports Shared By The U.S. And Canada." WorldAtlas. Retrieved April 29, 2020.

Aroostook Valley Country Club, Club History

A full list of references for this article are available at the Canada–United States border Wikipedia page

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Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not official geopolitical or legal advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for official government documentation, legal counsel, or expert analysis on international borders, treaties, or geopolitical matters. Always refer to official government sources and consult with qualified professionals for specific inquiries regarding border regulations, international law, or historical interpretations.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The Unseen Line

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview 🗺️

🌐 North America's Defining Boundary

📏 The World's Longest

🤝 A Unique Relationship

History 📜

foundational Origins

🗺️ Evolving Demarcation

Geography 🏞️

🌊 Diverse Landscapes

🏔️ Continental Divides

Crossings 🚗

🚦 Points of Entry and Natural Features

Treaties 🤝

✍️ Diplomatic Foundations

📜 Landmark Agreements

Disputes ⚖️

unresolved Ongoing Issues

🔍 Areas of Contention

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

North America's Defining Boundary

The World's Longest

A Unique Relationship

History

Origins

Evolving Demarcation

Geography

Diverse Landscapes

Continental Divides

Crossings

Points of Entry and Natural Features

Treaties

Diplomatic Foundations

Landmark Agreements

Disputes

Ongoing Issues

Areas of Contention

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice