Who was Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst, and what was his primary governmental role?

Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst, was a British diplomat and statesman. His most prominent governmental role was serving as the Viceroy and Governor-General of India from 1910 to 1916.

Where did Charles Hardinge receive his education?

Charles Hardinge was educated at Cheam School, Harrow School, and Trinity College, Cambridge. These institutions provided him with a strong foundation for his future diplomatic and political career.

When did Charles Hardinge enter the diplomatic service, and what was his initial posting?

Charles Hardinge entered the diplomatic service in 1880. His first assignment was to the British embassy in Constantinople, where he served as private secretary to the ambassador, Lord Dufferin.

What were some of the key diplomatic posts Charles Hardinge held before his appointment as Viceroy of India?

Before becoming Viceroy, Hardinge served in diplomatic roles in Constantinople, Berlin, Washington D.C. (where he acted as Chargé d'affaires), Sofia, and Bucharest. He was also the first secretary at Tehran and St. Petersburg, and later became Ambassador to Russia.

In what capacity did Charles Hardinge serve at the Foreign Office prior to his appointment in India?

Prior to his appointment as Viceroy of India, Charles Hardinge was recalled to London in 1903 and appointed Assistant Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs. He was subsequently promoted to Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office in 1906, working closely with Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey.

When was Charles Hardinge raised to the peerage, and what title did he receive?

Charles Hardinge was raised to the peerage on June 23, 1910, receiving the title Baron Hardinge of Penshurst, in the County of Kent. This elevation preceded his appointment as Viceroy of India.

What significant royal event occurred during Lord Hardinge's tenure as Viceroy of India?

During Lord Hardinge's viceroyalty, King George V visited India, culminating in the Delhi Durbar in 1911. This event was a major spectacle and a significant moment in the relationship between the British monarchy and India.

What major administrative change took place in India during Lord Hardinge's viceroyalty?

A significant administrative change during Lord Hardinge's tenure was the move of the capital of British India from Calcutta to New Delhi, which was decided and initiated in 1911. This marked a shift in the administrative center of power.

Was Lord Hardinge the target of any violent incidents during his time as Viceroy?

Yes, Lord Hardinge was the target of assassination attempts. Notably, he was targeted in a bomb attack by Indian nationalists Rash Behari Bose and Sachin Sanyal in 1912, an event that highlighted the political tensions of the era.

How did Lord Hardinge's approach influence relations between the British administration and Indian nationalists?

Despite facing assassination attempts, Lord Hardinge's tenure saw an improvement in relations between the British administration and Indian nationalists. This was partly attributed to the implementation of the Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 and Hardinge's personal admiration for Mohandas Gandhi and his criticism of South Africa's anti-Indian immigration policies.

What educational institution did Lord Hardinge found in India?

During his time as Viceroy, Lord Hardinge founded the Dhamrai Hardinge High School and College in 1914. This initiative aimed to promote education within India.

What major infrastructure project was completed and inaugurated during Lord Hardinge's viceroyalty?

The Hardinge Railway Bridge, a significant piece of infrastructure that continues to play a crucial role in Bangladesh's railway network, was constructed and inaugurated in 1915 during Lord Hardinge's tenure as Viceroy.

How did Lord Hardinge's policies contribute to Britain's war effort in World War I?

Lord Hardinge's efforts to improve colonial relationships in India paid off during World War I. These improved relations allowed Britain to deploy nearly all of its British troops stationed in India, along with many native Indian troops, to fight in areas outside of India, such as the Mesopotamian campaign.

What role did Lord Hardinge play after his term as Viceroy of India concluded?

After his viceroyalty ended in 1916, Lord Hardinge returned to England to resume his post as Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office, serving under Arthur Balfour. He later served as the British Ambassador to France from 1920 until his retirement in 1922.

What was Lord Hardinge's involvement in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919?

At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, Lord Hardinge served as the Administrative Director for the British Empire Delegation, overseeing the internal organization of the missions that comprised the delegation.

What distinction did Charles Hardinge hold regarding British knighthoods?

Charles Hardinge held the unusual distinction of being a non-royal recipient of six British knighthoods. This highlights his significant service and recognition within the British honours system.

Besides British honors, what other types of awards did Charles Hardinge receive?

In addition to his numerous British honors, Charles Hardinge also received several foreign awards, including the Grand Officer in the Legion of Honour from France, the Grand Cross of the Crown of Italy, and orders from Portugal, Greece, Spain, Norway, Russia, Denmark, and Sweden.

Who was Charles Hardinge's wife, and when did they marry?

Charles Hardinge married his first cousin, Winifred Selina Sturt, on April 17, 1890. Their marriage proceeded despite objections from her family due to their consanguinity and Hardinge's financial status at the time.

What were the names of Charles Hardinge's children?

Charles Hardinge and his wife Winifred had three children: a daughter named Diamond Hardinge, and two sons, Edward and Alexander Hardinge. Alexander succeeded his father as the 2nd Baron Hardinge of Penshurst.

What happened to Charles Hardinge's eldest son, Edward?

The Hon. Edward Hardinge, Charles Hardinge's eldest son, died on December 18, 1914, at the age of 22. He succumbed to wounds sustained while serving as a Lieutenant with the 15th (The King's) Hussars in France during World War I.

How is the first Baron Hardinge of Penshurst commemorated?

The first Baron Hardinge of Penshurst is commemorated at St John the Baptist Church in Penshurst. His life and service are remembered through various memorials and historical records.

What is the significance of the Hardinge Bridge mentioned in the text?

The Hardinge Railway Bridge, constructed and inaugurated during Lord Hardinge's viceroyalty in 1915, is a significant piece of infrastructure that has continued to serve a crucial role in the railway network of Bangladesh.

What were the titles Charles Hardinge held before becoming Baron Hardinge of Penshurst?

Before becoming Baron Hardinge of Penshurst, Charles Hardinge held various titles and styles reflecting his diplomatic and public service, including 'The Honourable Charles Hardinge', 'The Honourable Sir Charles Hardinge', and 'His Excellency The Right Honourable Sir Charles Hardinge', often accompanied by abbreviations for his numerous honors like CB, KCMG, GCMG, GCVO, and ISO.

What were the dates of Charles Hardinge's service as Viceroy and Governor-General of India?

Charles Hardinge served as Viceroy and Governor-General of India from November 23, 1910, to April 4, 1916.

What were the dates of Charles Hardinge's service as Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs in his second tenure?

Charles Hardinge served as Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs for a second time from April 24, 1916, to November 27, 1920.

What were the dates of Charles Hardinge's service as British Ambassador to France?

Charles Hardinge served as the British Ambassador to France from November 27, 1920, until his retirement in 1922.

What books did Charles Hardinge write?

Charles Hardinge authored two books: 'Old Diplomacy' and 'My Indian Years', which covered his experiences from 1910 to 1916.

What was the full list of British honours held by Charles Hardinge at the time of his death?

At the time of his death, Charles Hardinge held the following British honours: Knight of the Order of the Garter (KG), Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB), Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI), Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG), Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE), Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO), Imperial Service Order (ISO), and was a member of the Privy Council (PC).

What was the lifespan of Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst?

Charles Hardinge was born on June 20, 1858, and died on August 2, 1944, making him 86 years old at the time of his death.

What was the role of the British Indian Army during World War I, as mentioned in relation to Lord Hardinge's tenure?

During World War I, the British Indian Army played a significant role, particularly in the Mesopotamian campaign. The improved colonial relationships fostered during Lord Hardinge's viceroyalty allowed for the deployment of a substantial number of British and native Indian troops to areas outside of India.

What is the significance of the image showing Hardinge family members in an ox-cart in Hyderabad State in 1911?

The image depicts Hardinge family members traveling in an ox-cart in Hyderabad State in 1911, during the period they were attending the coronation of Asaf Jah VII. This photograph provides a glimpse into the family's activities and travels during his viceroyalty.

What was the context of the 'Delhi conspiracy case' mentioned in the 'See also' section?

The 'Delhi conspiracy case' is mentioned as a related topic, likely referring to the assassination attempt on Lord Hardinge in 1912, which was carried out by Indian nationalists Rash Behari Bose and Sachin Sanyal.

What was the purpose of the Delhi Durbar in 1911 during King George V's visit to India?

The Delhi Durbar of 1911, attended by King George V, served as a grand ceremonial event to mark the coronation of the King-Emperor in India. It was a significant display of British imperial presence and authority.

What was the nature of the relationship between Lord Hardinge and Mohandas Gandhi?

The text indicates that Lord Hardinge held an admiration for Mohandas Gandhi and was critical of the Union of South Africa's anti-Indian immigration policies. This suggests a degree of empathy or understanding towards Gandhi's cause and the treatment of Indians abroad.

What diplomatic role did Charles Hardinge hold in Paris before becoming Ambassador?

Before being appointed Ambassador to France, Charles Hardinge transferred to Paris in 1893 and served there as a first secretary. This early posting in Paris was part of his extensive diplomatic career.

What was the significance of the Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 in relation to Lord Hardinge's tenure?

The Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 were implemented prior to Lord Hardinge's appointment as Viceroy, but their implementation contributed to an improvement in relations between the British administration and Indian nationalists during his term. These reforms aimed to increase Indian participation in legislative councils.

What was the role of the 'Hardinge Bridge' mentioned in the text?

The Hardinge Bridge, constructed and inaugurated during Lord Hardinge's viceroyalty in 1915, is a railway bridge located in Bangladesh. It has historically served and continues to serve a vital function in the region's transportation network.

What does the inclusion of 'Authority control databases' signify for this biographical entry?

The inclusion of 'Authority control databases' such as ISNI, VIAF, FAST, and national library identifiers indicates that Charles Hardinge is a recognized historical figure whose identity and works have been cataloged and standardized across various international and national information systems.

What was the primary reason for the objections to Charles Hardinge's marriage to Winifred Sturt?

The primary reasons cited for the objections to Charles Hardinge's marriage to Winifred Sturt were their consanguinity (they were first cousins) and Hardinge's financial status at the time of the proposal.

What was the title of the book written by Lord Hardinge that covered his time in India?

The book written by Lord Hardinge that covered his time in India (1910-1916) was titled 'My Indian Years'.

What was the title of Charles Hardinge's other published work?

In addition to 'My Indian Years', Charles Hardinge also authored a book titled 'Old Diplomacy', which likely covered his extensive career in international relations.

What specific role did Charles Hardinge play in the British delegation at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919?

At the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Charles Hardinge held the position of Administrative Director for the British Empire Delegation, responsible for the internal organization of the various missions that constituted the delegation.

What was the date of Charles Hardinge's death?

Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst, died on August 2, 1944.

What was the significance of the 'Hardinge of Penshurst' peerage?

The 'Hardinge of Penshurst' peerage was a new creation, granted to Charles Hardinge on June 23, 1910, elevating him to the rank of Baron. This title recognized his distinguished service and allowed him to sit in the House of Lords.

What was the general sentiment towards Charles Hardinge's approach to Indian nationalism during his viceroyalty?

Lord Hardinge's approach to Indian nationalism was characterized by an improvement in relations between the British administration and nationalist groups. This was partly due to his support for the Morley-Minto reforms and his personal views on issues like South Africa's treatment of Indians.

What was the purpose of the image titled 'Viceroy's Cabinet list from 1910 to 1915'?

The image titled 'Viceroy's Cabinet list from 1910 to 1915' serves to visually represent the key individuals who comprised the Viceroy's executive council during Lord Hardinge's term, providing context for the administrative structure of British India at that time.

Charles Hardinge 1st Baron Hardinge Of Penshurst Wiki: The Diplomat's Chronicle: Lord Hardinge of Penshurst

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Background and Education

Familial Heritage

Charles Hardinge, born on June 20, 1858, hailed from a distinguished lineage. He was the second son of Charles Hardinge, the 2nd Viscount Hardinge, and the grandson of Henry Hardinge, the 1st Viscount Hardinge, who had previously served as the Governor-General of India. This familial connection to public service and governance provided a foundational context for his own career trajectory.

Scholastic Foundation

His early education was undertaken at Cheam School and Harrow School, institutions renowned for shaping future leaders. He subsequently pursued higher education at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he laid the groundwork for his intellectual and professional development before entering the rigorous world of diplomacy.

Diplomatic and Governmental Career

Early Diplomatic Service

Hardinge commenced his diplomatic career in 1880. His initial postings included Constantinople, where he served as private secretary to Ambassador Lord Dufferin. He later transferred to Berlin, Washington D.C. (acting as chargé d'affaires), Sofia, and back to Constantinople. His involvement in negotiating treaties and conventions, particularly in Bucharest, demonstrated early diplomatic acumen.

Ascending the Ranks

His career progressed through significant appointments, including first secretary in Tehran (1896) and Saint Petersburg (1898), where he was promoted ahead of many seniors. He acted as chargé d'affaires in the Russian Empire multiple times. In 1903, he was appointed Assistant Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, followed by his role as Ambassador to Russia in 1904. His appointment as Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office in 1906 marked a critical phase, where he collaborated closely with Liberal Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey.

Viceroyalty of India

In 1910, Hardinge was elevated to the peerage as Baron Hardinge of Penshurst. He was subsequently appointed Viceroy and Governor-General of India by the Asquith government. His tenure, from 1910 to 1916, was a period of significant events, including the visit of King George V and the Delhi Durbar of 1911, and the relocation of the capital to New Delhi. Despite facing assassination attempts, his administration saw an improvement in relations with Indian nationalists, partly due to the Morley-Minto reforms and his personal admiration for Mohandas Gandhi.

World War I and Later Roles

Hardinge's tenure as Viceroy coincided with the outbreak of World War I. His diplomatic efforts facilitated the deployment of British and Indian troops to various theatres of war. Following his viceroyalty, he returned to England in 1916 to resume his post as Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office, serving alongside Arthur Balfour. He played a key administrative role at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 and concluded his distinguished career as the British Ambassador to France from 1920 until his retirement in 1922.

Key Appointments and Recognition

Infobox Overview

The following table summarizes Lord Hardinge's significant governmental and diplomatic roles, alongside his peerage and key honours.

His Excellency The Right Honourable The Lord Hardinge of Penshurst KG GCB GCSI GCMG GCIE GCVO ISO PC
13th Viceroy and Governor-General of India
In office 23 November 1910 – 4 April 1916
Monarch	George V
Preceded by	The Earl of Minto
Succeeded by	The Lord Chelmsford
Personal Details
Born	20 June 1858
Died	2 August 1944 (aged 86) Penshurst, Kent, England
Nationality	British
Spouse	Winifred Sturt (m. 1890, died 1914)
Children	3
Parent	Charles Hardinge, 2nd Viscount Hardinge (father)
Alma mater	Trinity College, Cambridge

Distinguished Honours

British Knighthoods

Lord Hardinge received an exceptional number of British honours, reflecting his extensive service. He was awarded six principal British knighthoods:

Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB)
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI)
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG)
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE)
Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO)
Knight of the Order of the Garter (KG)

Additionally, he held the Imperial Service Order (ISO) and was appointed to the Privy Council (PC).

International Accolades

His diplomatic service was also recognized by numerous foreign nations, acknowledging his contributions to international relations. These included high honours from France, Italy, Portugal, Greece, Spain, Norway, and Russia, among others.

Knight of Grace of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem (England)
Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour (France)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy
Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa (Portugal)
Order of the Redeemer (Greece)
Order of Charles III (Spain)
Order of St. Olav (Norway)
Order of Alexander Nevsky (Russia)
Order of the Dannebrog (Denmark)
Order of Vasa (Sweden)

Personal Life and Legacy

Marriage and Family

Charles Hardinge married his first cousin, Winifred Selina Sturt, on April 17, 1890. Their union, though initially met with family objections due to consanguinity and Hardinge's financial standing, resulted in a family that included a daughter, Diamond, and two sons, Edward and Alexander. Edward tragically died in World War I, while Alexander succeeded his father as the 2nd Baron Hardinge of Penshurst.

Commemoration

Lord Hardinge is commemorated at St John the Baptist Church in Penshurst. His daughter, Diamond Hardinge, played a role in royal events, serving as a bridesmaid at the wedding of Prince Albert, Duke of York, and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in 1923. The significant Hardinge Railway Bridge, constructed during his viceroyalty in India and now located in Bangladesh, stands as a lasting testament to his period of service.

Published Works

Diplomatic Memoirs

Lord Hardinge authored significant works reflecting on his extensive career:

Old Diplomacy
My Indian Years (1910–1916)

These writings offer valuable insights into the political and diplomatic landscape of his time, particularly his experiences as Viceroy of India.

Key References

Source Material

The information presented here is drawn from various scholarly and official sources, providing a comprehensive overview of Lord Hardinge's life and career. These include biographical entries, historical journals, and official publications.

Briton C. Busch, Hardinge of Penshurst: A Study of the Old Diplomacy
Lord Hardinge of Penshurst, The Reminiscences of Lord Hardinge of Penshurst
Zara S. Steiner, The Foreign Office and Foreign Policy 1898–1914
Douglas Goold, "Lord Hardinge and the Mesopotamia Expedition and Inquiry, 1914–1917" (Article in The Historical Journal)
Arthur G. M. Hesilrige, Debrett's Peerage and Titles of Courtesy
Manhar Kuvarbā, Maharani of Panna, Lady Hardinge of Penshurst, C.I., Vice-Reine of India: A Tribute to Her Memory
Various London Gazette entries detailing honours and appointments.
Indian Army List For January I -1913

Authority Control

Identifiers

These unique identifiers link to comprehensive records and related resources across various international and national databases, facilitating further academic research.

International: ISNI, VIAF, FAST, WorldCat
National: Germany (GND), United States (LOC), France (BnF, BnF data), Australia (NLA), Netherlands (KB), Poland (BN), Vatican (VatLib), Israel (NLI)
People/Other: SNAC, Yale LUX, IdRef, Trove, Deutsche Biographie

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References

Lord Hardinge and the Mesopotamia Expedition and Inquiry, 1914â1917; Douglas Goold; The Historical Journal, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Dec., 1976), pp. 919â945

Daily Telegraph: royal wedding photograph; accessed 28 March 2014.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst Wikipedia page

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Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst

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Background and Education

Familial Heritage

Scholastic Foundation

Diplomatic and Governmental Career

Early Diplomatic Service

Ascending the Ranks

Viceroyalty of India

World War I and Later Roles

Key Appointments and Recognition

Infobox Overview

Distinguished Honours

British Knighthoods

International Accolades

Personal Life and Legacy

Marriage and Family

Commemoration

Published Works

Diplomatic Memoirs

Key References

Source Material

Further Reading

Recommended Texts

Authority Control

Identifiers

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Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst

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Background and Education 🎓

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Familial Heritage

🏫 Scholastic Foundation

Diplomatic and Governmental Career 🌍

✉️ Early Diplomatic Service

🏛️ Ascending the Ranks

👑 Viceroyalty of India

⚔️ World War I and Later Roles

Key Appointments and Recognition 🌟

📜 Infobox Overview

Distinguished Honours 🏅

🇬🇧 British Knighthoods

🌍 International Accolades

Personal Life and Legacy ❤️

💍 Marriage and Family

🕊️ Commemoration

Published Works 📖

✍️ Diplomatic Memoirs

Key References 📚

🔗 Source Material

Further Reading 🧐

📖 Recommended Texts

Authority Control 🗂️

🌐 Identifiers

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Background and Education

Familial Heritage

Scholastic Foundation

Diplomatic and Governmental Career

Early Diplomatic Service

Ascending the Ranks

Viceroyalty of India

World War I and Later Roles

Key Appointments and Recognition

Infobox Overview

Distinguished Honours

British Knighthoods

International Accolades

Personal Life and Legacy

Marriage and Family

Commemoration

Published Works

Diplomatic Memoirs

Key References

Source Material

Further Reading

Recommended Texts

Authority Control

Identifiers

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice