What was Faridkot State?

Faridkot State was a self-governing princely state in Punjab, ruled by Brar Jats, which existed outside of British India during the British Raj period until India's independence. It was located in the southern part of the erstwhile Ferozepore district.

What was the relationship between the rulers of Faridkot State and the British administration?

The rulers of Faridkot State generally maintained cordial relations with the British administration throughout the British Raj period.

What is the historical origin of Faridkot State in terms of political entities?

Faridkot State originated as one of the many chiefdoms established by Sikhs in the region following the decline of Mughal and Afghan authority. Its formation was a gradual process over many years, with various rulers governing the area without a single, unified authority initially.

Who is credited with founding the locality of Faridkot, and what did they construct?

Raja Mokalsi is said to be the founder of the locality of Faridkot. He constructed a fort in Mohalkar during the 12th century.

What historical events led to the establishment of Faridkot State in 1763?

Faridkot State was established in 1763 by Hamir Singh, who was a Brar Jat. He shifted the capital from Kotkapura to Faridkot, and his lineage continued to rule the state.

What were the early political challenges faced by Faridkot State?

Between 1765 and 1815, the estates of Faridkot became divided among claimants. The state also experienced poor relations with Patiala State and Lahore State, leading to territorial losses and an "old enmity" with Patiala.

How did the Sikh Empire's expansion impact Faridkot State and the surrounding Malwa states?

The Sikh Empire, under Ranjit Singh, occupied Faridkot State in 1807. This annexation caused anxiety among other Malwa states, which felt threatened by the encroaching Sikh Empire and were also facing pressure from the advancing British East India Company.

What role did the British play in the survival of Faridkot State against the Sikh Empire?

The Malwa states, including Faridkot, allied with the British against the Sikh Empire. The British intervention, formalized by the Treaty of Amritsar in 1809, led the Sikh Empire to forfeit its claims over Faridkot State and other Malwa states south of the Sutlej River, thus ensuring Faridkot's survival.

When did Faridkot State come under British influence, and who succeeded Gulab Singh?

Faridkot State came under British influence in 1809 as one of the Cis-Sutlej states. Gulab Singh, who ruled from 1804 to 1826, was succeeded by his son, Attar Singh, who unfortunately died shortly after in 1827.

What were Raja Pahar Singh's key contributions and actions during his reign?

Raja Pahar Singh focused on the welfare of his subjects, employed advisors for advice, and granted villages to his brothers. He also oversaw the deforestation of surrounding jungles for development and the construction of an irrigation canal, later assisting zamindars with well construction when the canal dried up. He was allied with the British during the First Anglo-Sikh War and was rewarded with increased territory, receiving the title of Raja in 1846 for his assistance.

How did Wazir Singh reform the administration and financial systems of Faridkot State?

Wazir Singh established an administrative division system, created tehsils with tehsildars, and implemented a policing system. He also initiated land statistics recording through the 'Moti Ram Bandobast' project and reformed the taxation system to require payment in legal tender, setting rates for barren and irrigated land. He took direct control of the financial system and established courts for dispute resolution.

What was Wazir Singh's role during the Indian Rebellion of 1857?

During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Wazir Singh's forces guarded Sutlej ferries and destroyed a rebel stronghold. He also sent troops to meet the Deputy Commissioner of Ferozepore and handed over arrested revolutionaries to the British, earning him the title 'Brar Vansh Raja Bahadur' and an increase in honorary cannons from seven to eleven.

What were Raja Bikram Singh's significant achievements and initiatives?

Raja Bikram Singh, who reigned from 1874 to 1898, oversaw the construction of dormitories, gardens, bungalows, roads, and market places, alongside social welfare efforts. He also built fortresses and a palace, expanded the city beyond the fort walls, and imposed the 'Aabkar Act' to regulate alcohol. He improved state revenue, collected a significant personal savings, initiated land documentation projects, and carried out judicial reforms by establishing civil and criminal courts.

What was Raja Bikram Singh's involvement in educational and religious movements?

Bikram Singh was a founder of the Amritsar Singh Sabha organization in 1873 and sponsored school construction. He also assisted in the founding of Mohindra College in Patiala in 1875. He sponsored the 'Faridkot Tika,' a commentary on the Guru Granth Sahib, in response to an insulting partial translation.

How did the railway impact Faridkot State during Bikram Singh's reign?

In 1884, the Indian railway was extended to connect Faridkot and Kotkapura with other major cities like Lahore, Delhi, Sarsa, Hisar, Rewari, and Mumbai, significantly boosting trade and connectivity.

Who succeeded Bikram Singh, and what were the key developments during Balbir Singh's reign?

Balbir Singh succeeded Bikram Singh and reigned from 1898 to 1906. He received a high-quality education, including English and Persian, and studied at Mayo College. He married the daughter of Raja Bhagwan Singh of Manimajra State. During his reign, he focused on statecraft, toured his state to understand local issues, and held his first Dussehra court session in 1900, outlining his principles of governance.

What architectural and literary contributions were made under Balbir Singh's rule?

Balbir Singh, a Europhile, constructed several gothic-style buildings, including the Raj Mahal, Victoria Memorial, Ghanta Ghar, and an Anglo Vernacular Middle School. He also founded the 'Balbir Press,' which published various works, and established a public library. The court history, 'Aina-i Brar Bans,' was published in 1902.

Who succeeded Balbir Singh, and what administrative changes occurred under Brij Indar Singh's early rule?

Balbir Singh was succeeded by his nephew, Brij Indar Singh, who reigned from 1906 to 1918. As Brij Indar Singh was only 10 years old upon ascending the throne, a council of regency managed state affairs from 1906 to 1916, implementing changes like new schemes and constructing buildings such as Queen Suraj Kaur Hospital and Barjindra High School.

What was Maharaja Brij Indar Singh's contribution during World War I?

During World War I, Brij Indar Singh provided significant financial assistance, supplies like horses and camels, and troops to the British cause over three years. Faridkot State contributed up to 1 lakh rupees, and many soldiers from the state received honors for their service, leading to Brij Indar Singh being awarded the 'maharaja' title.

Who was the last ruler of Faridkot State, and what was the administrative structure during his minority?

Harinder Singh was the last ruler of Faridkot State, reigning from 1918 to 1948. Similar to Brij Indar Singh, he was a minor upon ascension, leading to a council of administration governing the state from 1918 to 1934.

What educational and infrastructural developments took place under Harinder Singh?

Harinder Singh prioritized education, establishing new schools and colleges annually, including Science College, B.T. Training Centre, and Bikram College of Commerce. He also invested in infrastructure by building veterinary hospitals, dispensaries, and roads to improve access to markets, and constructed wells.

What judicial reforms were implemented by Harinder Singh?

In 1934, Harinder Singh established a secretariat that centralized state offices under the courts, including the creation of a high court. A judicial committee with appointed judges was also founded, which improved the state's law-and-order situation.

What political movements emerged in Faridkot State during the Indian independence movement?

During the Indian independence movement, movements like the Congress, Akali Dal, and Ghadar Party gained traction in Faridkot State. A 'Praja Mandal' movement was launched against the Patiala State rulers, and local farmers faced bans and exploitation, leading to broader struggles within Faridkot State.

When did Faridkot State merge into Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU)?

Faridkot State was merged into PEPSU on August 20, 1948, along with five other princely states: Patiala, Jind, Nabha, and Kapurthala, thereby ceasing to exist as an independent dominion.

What happened to the royal family and assets of Faridkot State after its merger?

After the merger, the ruling family, led by Harinder Singh, was allowed to retain significant assets, including land, forts, buildings, vehicles, and bank money, dispersed across several Indian states. The royal family relocated to Shimla for several years.

What were the demographic trends in Faridkot State regarding religious groups between 1881 and 1941?

Between 1881 and 1941, the Sikh population in Faridkot State grew from 41.42% to 57.74%, while the Muslim population decreased from 29.92% to 30.79%, and the Hindu population declined from 28.30% to 10.95%. The total population increased from 97,034 in 1881 to 199,283 in 1941.

How did transportation infrastructure develop in Faridkot State?

The North-Western Railway line connected Faridkot and Kot-Kapura in 1884, linking them to Lahore and Delhi via Bathinda, Sirsa, Hissar, and Rewari, which boosted trade and facilitated travel.

What was the economic basis of Faridkot State?

The economy of Faridkot State was primarily based on agriculture, which was dependent on rainwater due to the arid region. The state's annual income was relatively small, but agriculture was improved by the construction of a branch of the Sirhind Canal in 1885.

What architectural style influenced the construction in Faridkot State during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

The rulers of Faridkot State, influenced by the British and the Gothic Revival movement, constructed many gothic-style buildings. This style, which incorporated indigenous elements, was introduced via the railway and was evident in structures like the Raj Mahal and the Victoria Clock Tower.

Who were the rulers of Faridkot State listed in the provided text?

The rulers of Faridkot State listed include Sardars Hamir Singh, Mohar Singh, Charat Singh, Dal Singh, Gulab Singh, and Attar Singh. Following them as Rajas were Pahar Singh, Wazir Singh, Bikram Singh, Balbir Singh, Brij Indar Singh, and finally Harinder Singh, who was the last ruler.

What is the significance of the 'Faridkot Tika' mentioned in the text?

The 'Faridkot Tika' was a comprehensive commentary on the Guru Granth Sahib, commissioned by Bikram Singh. It was created in response to an insulting partial translation by Ernest Trumpp and was the first published commentary of the Guru Granth Sahib, with its first three volumes released between 1905 and 1906.

What was the role of the council of regency during Brij Indar Singh's minority?

The council of regency managed state affairs for Brij Indar Singh from 1906 to 1916 due to his young age. During this period, significant changes were implemented, including the construction of new buildings like Queen Suraj Kaur Hospital and Barjindra High School, and the enactment of the Panchayat Act.

What notable educational achievements did Harinder Singh have?

Harinder Singh completed his higher education at Chief's College, earning high grades and receiving the Watson-Albel Singh Medal and the Gardley Medal.

What legal disputes have arisen concerning the Faridkot royal family?

After the death of the last ruler, Harinder Singh, his will was disputed by his surviving daughter Amrit Kaur, leading to a court case where a claimed will was ruled a fabrication. His successors have also been involved in legal battles regarding inheritances.

What happened to an 1885 oil painting of Balbir Singh in 2010?

In 2010, an 1885 oil painting of Balbir Singh, which was housed in the Lal Kothi, was stolen and allegedly sold in London for Rs. 35 lakh.

What does the 'See also' section list in relation to Faridkot State?

The 'See also' section lists related topics such as Phulkian sardars, Patiala State, Nabha State, Jind State, Malaudh, Bhadaur, Kaithal, and Cis-Sutlej states, providing further context on regional history and political entities.

What was the significance of the city of Faridkot's development during Bikram Singh's reign?

Prior to Bikram Singh's reign, the city of Faridkot was largely confined within the walls of Faridkot Fort. His construction of market places outside the fort's walls encouraged people to settle beyond the fortifications, leading to the city's expansion.

What was the impact of the 'Aabkar Act' imposed by Bikram Singh?

The 'Aabkar Act' imposed by Bikram Singh served to regulate the sale and consumption of alcohol within Faridkot State.

What was the purpose of the 'Moti Ram Bandobast' project initiated by Wazir Singh?

The 'Moti Ram Bandobast' was a land surveying project initiated by Wazir Singh to measure the land within the state and document statistics, involving consultation with village headmen (Nambardars).

What was the context for the creation of the 'Faridkot Tika'?

The 'Faridkot Tika' was commissioned in response to the perceived insulting partial translation of the Guru Granth Sahib by Ernest Trumpp in 1877, aiming to provide an authoritative commentary.

What architectural style is exemplified by the Victoria Clock Tower in Faridkot State?

The Victoria Clock Tower, erected in 1901 in memory of Queen Victoria, is an example of the gothic style that influenced architecture in Faridkot State during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

What was the primary source of revenue for Faridkot State?

The primary source of revenue for Faridkot State was agriculture, which was significantly improved by the construction of the Sirhind Canal branch in 1885.

What was the outcome of the legal disputes concerning Harinder Singh's will?

Following Harinder Singh's death, his will was contested, and a court ruled that the claimed will was a fabrication. This led to prolonged legal battles over the inheritance of the royal family's assets.

Faridkot State Wiki: Chronicles of Faridkot: A Princely Legacy

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Overview

Princely State

Faridkot State was a self-governing princely state in Punjab, ruled by Brar Jats. It existed as a distinct entity outside of direct British India administration during the British Raj period until India's independence.

Timeline

Established in 1763, Faridkot State maintained its status until its merger into Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) on August 20, 1948. Its history spans nearly two centuries of rule and transition.

Geographic Context

Located in the southern part of the erstwhile Ferozepore district, the state covered approximately 1,649.82 square kilometers (637 sq mi). Its capital was the city of Faridkot.

Historical Trajectory

Origins and Foundation

The state's roots trace back to the Sikh chiefdoms that emerged after the decline of Mughal and Afghan authority. Raja Mokalsi is credited as an early founder of the locality. The state was formally established in 1763 by Hamir Singh, who shifted the capital from Kotkapura to Faridkot.

Colonial Relations

Faridkot State maintained cordial relations with the British. During the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845), Raja Pahar Singh allied with the British, providing crucial assistance and receiving territorial rewards. This pro-British stance secured the state's survival against regional powers.

Rulers and Reigns

The state was governed by a succession of rulers, including Hamir Singh, Pahar Singh, Wazir Singh, Bikram Singh, Balbir Singh, Brij Indar Singh, and Harinder Singh. Each ruler contributed to the state's development, administration, and its relationship with the British Raj.

A brief overview of the rulers:

Hamir Singh (1763–1782): Founder of the state.
Pahar Singh (1827–1846): Allied with the British, received the title of Raja.
Wazir Singh (1849–1874): Implemented administrative and financial reforms, supported the British during the 1857 rebellion.
Bikram Singh (1874–1898): Patron of education and religious works, oversaw infrastructure development.
Balbir Singh (1898–1906): Europhile, patron of arts and literature, initiated architectural projects.
Brij Indar Singh (1906–1918): Reign marked by a regency council, contributions to education and healthcare.
Harinder Singh (1918–1948): The last ruler, oversaw significant educational expansion and administrative reforms.

Governance and Administration

Administrative Structure

Rulers like Wazir Singh and Balbir Singh reformed the state's administration, dividing it into divisions and establishing tehsils, police stations, and judicial courts. These reforms aimed to improve law and order and streamline governance.

Financial Reforms

Significant financial reforms were undertaken, including the introduction of monetary taxation systems and direct control over state finances. Efforts were made to improve revenue collection and manage state assets effectively.

Legal and Judicial Systems

The establishment of civil and criminal courts, often with retired British officials appointed, aimed to provide a structured judicial process. Legislation like the Panchayat Act was introduced to manage local affairs.

Economic Landscape

Agricultural Foundation

The state's economy was primarily agrarian, relying heavily on rainfall in an arid region. The construction of the Sirhind Canal branch in 1885 significantly improved agricultural output by providing vital irrigation.

Trade and Transportation

The connection of Faridkot and Kot-Kapura to the North-Western Railway line in 1884 boosted trade by linking the state to major Indian cities like Lahore and Delhi. The development of market places (mandis) further stimulated economic activity.

Revenue and Development

Rulers focused on improving state revenue through efficient taxation and trade. Funds generated were reinvested in infrastructure, education, and public welfare projects, contributing to the state's overall development.

Architectural Heritage

Gothic Revival Influence

Influenced by British architecture and the Gothic Revival movement, Faridkot State saw the construction of several notable buildings. These structures often blended European styles with indigenous elements.

Notable Structures

Key constructions include the Raj Mahal palace, the Victoria Clock Tower (erected in 1901), Kothi Darbar Ganj, and educational institutions like the Barjindra High School. These buildings reflect the state's prosperity and cultural engagement.

Raj Mahal: The royal family's residence, built in a gothic style.
Victoria Clock Tower: A prominent gothic-style structure commemorating Queen Victoria.
Darbar Ganj Gardens: Developed areas contributing to the city's aesthetic.
Educational Buildings: Schools and colleges were established, reflecting a commitment to learning.

Cultural Patronage

Rulers like Balbir Singh were patrons of arts and literature, establishing a printing press and a public library. The state also saw the publication of significant religious commentaries, such as the Faridkot Tika.

Demographic Profile

Population Trends

The population of Faridkot State grew steadily from approximately 97,034 in 1881 to 199,283 by 1941. This growth reflects the state's stability and development during the British period.

Religious Composition

Historically, the state's population was predominantly Sikh, followed by Muslims and Hindus. The proportion of Sikhs saw a notable increase over the decades, particularly in the later period.

Religion	1881 (%)	1941 (%)
Sikhism	41.42%	57.74%
Islam	29.92%	30.79%
Hinduism	28.30%	10.95%
Jainism	0.36%	0.40%
Christianity	0.00%	0.12%

Note: Percentages are approximate based on available census data.

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References

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Chronicles of Faridkot

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

👑 Princely State

🗓️ Timeline

📍 Geographic Context

Historical Trajectory 📜

🌱 Origins and Foundation

🤝 Colonial Relations

🏛️ Rulers and Reigns

Governance and Administration ⚖️

📋 Administrative Structure

💰 Financial Reforms

📜 Legal and Judicial Systems

Economic Landscape 📈

🌾 Agricultural Foundation

🚂 Trade and Transportation

💼 Revenue and Development

Architectural Heritage 🏰

🏗️ Gothic Revival Influence

🏛️ Notable Structures

🎨 Cultural Patronage

Demographic Profile 👥

📊 Population Trends

🕉️ Religious Composition

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Princely State

Timeline

Geographic Context

Historical Trajectory

Origins and Foundation

Colonial Relations

Rulers and Reigns

Governance and Administration

Administrative Structure

Financial Reforms

Legal and Judicial Systems

Economic Landscape

Agricultural Foundation

Trade and Transportation

Revenue and Development

Architectural Heritage

Gothic Revival Influence

Notable Structures

Cultural Patronage

Demographic Profile

Population Trends

Religious Composition

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice