Hans Schemm was an educator who became a prominent Nazi Party official. He held significant positions, including Gauleiter of Gau Bayreuth and later Gau Bavarian Eastern March, and served as the Bavarian State Minister for Education and Culture until his death.

What was Hans Schemm's role in the National Socialist Teachers League (NSLB)?

Hans Schemm was instrumental in the formation of the National Socialist Teachers League (NSLB), co-founding it in Hof in 1928. He was elected its leader, known as "Reichswalter," on April 21, 1929, and held this position until his death in 1935. The NSLB served as a key organization for aligning educators with Nazi ideology.

Describe Hans Schemm's early life and education.

Born in Bayreuth in 1891 to parents who owned a shoemaker's shop, Hans Schemm received his early education in local schools before attending a teacher training preparatory school. From 1908 to 1910, he studied at the Royal Bavarian Teachers' Seminar in Altdorf bei Nürnberg, after which he began his career as a teacher in 1910.

How did World War I impact Hans Schemm's early career?

During World War I, Hans Schemm was drafted into the Imperial German Army and served as a medical attendant. He contracted tuberculosis while serving at a military epidemic hospital in Bayreuth, which led to his discharge from military service in August 1916. He then returned to his teaching position.

What role did Hans Schemm play in post-WWI political conflicts in Bavaria?

In 1919, Hans Schemm was a member of the Freikorps Bayreuth, a paramilitary group. This group participated in the suppression of the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic in Munich, indicating Schemm's early involvement in combating socialist and communist movements.

What was Hans Schemm's professional background before becoming a full-time Nazi official?

Before dedicating himself fully to Nazi politics, Hans Schemm worked as a teacher. He also briefly headed a bacteriological-chemical laboratory in Thale, known as Sanitorium Hubertusbad, until it closed for financial reasons in 1921. He then returned to teaching at the Altstadtschule in Bayreuth.

When did Hans Schemm first join the Nazi Party, and what were his early activities?

Hans Schemm joined the Nazi Party in 1922. Following the Beer Hall Putsch and the subsequent ban on the party, he became involved with the Bayreuth Völkischer Bund in 1924, acting as First Assessor with Adolf Hitler's approval. When the Völkischer Bund disbanded, he joined the National Socialist Freedom Movement before rejoining the Nazi Party immediately upon its re-establishment in February 1925.

What leadership roles did Hans Schemm hold within the Nazi Party structure in the late 1920s?

After rejoining the Nazi Party in 1925, Schemm organized the Bayreuth local group (Ortsgruppe) and became its leader (Ortsgruppenleiter), a position he held until his death. By May 1927, he had advanced to the position of Bezirksleiter (District Leader) for Upper Franconia.

How was Hans Schemm recognized for his speaking abilities within the Nazi Party?

Hans Schemm was recognized as a gifted speaker and became an effective propagandist for the Nazi Party. He served as a Reichsredner, meaning a national orator, delivering speeches across the country to promote the party's agenda.

What political offices did Hans Schemm hold in Bavaria and the Reichstag?

Hans Schemm was elected to the Bavarian Landtag (state parliament) from May 1928 to September 1930. Subsequently, in September 1930, he was elected as a deputy to the national parliament, the Reichstag, representing the Franconia electoral district, a seat he maintained until his death.

When and how was the Gau Bavarian Eastern March formed, and what was Schemm's role?

On January 19, 1933, the Gau of Upper Franconia, which Schemm led, was merged with the Gau of Lower Bavaria-Upper Palatinate to create a larger administrative region called Gau Bavarian Eastern March. Hans Schemm was appointed as the Gauleiter of this newly formed, expanded Gau.

What significant governmental positions did Hans Schemm assume after the Nazi seizure of power in Bavaria?

Following the Nazi takeover of the Bavarian state government on March 10, 1933, Schemm was appointed Staatskommissar (State Commissioner) responsible for education and culture. He was later made the permanent State Minister for Education and Culture and "Leader of Cultural and Educational Affairs of Bavaria" in the cabinet of Minister-President Ludwig Siebert, officially leaving his teaching post.

How did Hans Schemm deal with his political rival, Friedrich Puchta?

Hans Schemm had a close personal rivalry with Friedrich Puchta, an SPD member and Reichstag representative. After the Nazis came to power, Schemm personally delivered Puchta to prison on March 10, 1933, and ensured he was placed in the dreaded Barrack VII at Dachau concentration camp, which was considered a penal camp.

What was Hans Schemm's involvement with the Academy for German Law?

In October 1933, Hans Schemm became a member of the Academy for German Law, an organization established by the Nazi regime to consolidate and promote German legal principles aligned with National Socialist ideology.

What were Hans Schemm's notable political and ideological stances?

Hans Schemm held clearly antidemocratic, anti-Semitic, and anti-Communist political positions. His ideology is reflected in his statements, such as 'We are not objective – we are German!' and the virulent anti-Semitic remark, '...that a Jew should dangle from every lamppost.'

How did the city of Passau honor Hans Schemm?

During a visit to Passau in April 1933 for the laying of the cornerstone for the 'Hall of the Nibelungs,' Hans Schemm addressed the assembled crowds. In recognition of his visit and influence, Passau later dedicated a street and a school in his name.

What was the cause of Hans Schemm's death?

Hans Schemm died on March 5, 1935, from injuries sustained in an aircraft crash. Despite Adolf Hitler's order for the renowned surgeon Professor Ferdinand Sauerbruch to attend to him, Schemm succumbed to his injuries before the professor could arrive.

Who succeeded Hans Schemm in his leadership roles after his death?

Following Hans Schemm's death, his Deputy, Ludwig Ruckdeschel, took over as the Acting Gauleiter. Fritz Wachtler was later appointed as the permanent replacement Gauleiter on December 5, 1935. In his role as Bavarian State Minister for Education and Culture, he was succeeded by Adolf Wagner.

How did the Nazi regime commemorate Hans Schemm after his death?

The Nazi regime posthumously honored Hans Schemm, recognizing his contributions as a publicist and educator. This commemoration included naming multiple schools, streets, and halls after him, solidifying his legacy within the party's propaganda efforts.

What was the nature of Hans Schemm's funeral?

Hans Schemm was given a lavish state funeral in Bayreuth, which was described as larger and more ostentatious than Richard Wagner's funeral. Adolf Hitler, along with numerous high-ranking Party and State officials, attended the ceremony. Notable figures like Hess, Goebbels, Frick, Frank, Rosenberg, and Himmler delivered orations.

What musical piece concluded Hans Schemm's state funeral?

The state funeral for Hans Schemm concluded with the performance of the funeral march from Richard Wagner's opera, 'Twilight of the Gods' (Götterdämmerung).

What was the significance of the image accompanying the article about Hans Schemm?

The image shows Hans Schemm wearing an NSDAP (Nazi Party) uniform. This visual representation highlights his role as a prominent official within the National Socialist German Workers' Party.

What was Hans Schemm's role as a newspaper editor and publisher?

Between 1928 and 1929, Hans Schemm served as the editor for several Nazi newspapers, including Der Streiter, Weckruf, and Nationale Zeitung. In August 1929, he founded the National Socialist Teachers' Newspaper, which became the official publication of the NSLB. He also founded and published other newspapers like Kampf für deutsche Freiheit und Kultur and Das Fränkische Volk.

What was the circulation of the newspapers Hans Schemm published or edited?

The weekly newspaper Kampf für deutsche Freiheit und Kultur, published by Schemm, saw its circulation grow from 3,000 in 1930 to 20,000 by 1932. The daily newspaper Das Fränkische Volk, launched in October 1932, had a circulation of 10,000.

What does the title "Gauleiter" signify in the context of Nazi Germany?

Gauleiter was the title held by the regional leaders of the Nazi Party in Germany's administrative districts known as Gaue. These leaders were responsible for enforcing party policy and consolidating Nazi control within their respective territories.

What was the National Socialist Teachers League (NSLB)?

The National Socialist Teachers League (NSLB) was an organization founded within the Nazi Party framework. Its purpose was to ensure that teachers adhered to Nazi ideology and promoted National Socialist principles in the education system.

What was the 'Brown House' in Munich?

The 'Brown House' (Braunes Haus) in Munich served as the national headquarters of the Nazi Party (NSDAP). It was a central administrative hub for party operations and housed various party offices, including the Main Office for Education where Schemm held a leadership position.

What does the term 'Reichsredner' mean in the context of the Nazi Party?

A 'Reichsredner' was a designated national orator for the Nazi Party. These individuals were skilled speakers tasked with traveling and delivering speeches across Germany to propagate the party's ideology and mobilize support.

What was the significance of Hans Schemm being awarded the Golden Party Badge?

The Golden Party Badge (Goldenes Parteiabzeichen) was a special decoration awarded by Adolf Hitler to a select number of early and meritorious members of the Nazi Party. Receiving this badge indicated significant service and loyalty to the party, often signifying membership dating back to its early years or exceptional contributions.

What was the 'Völkischer Bund'?

The Völkischer Bund was an organization associated with the Völkisch movement, which emphasized ethnic nationalism and racial purity in Germany. Schemm's involvement in the Bayreuth branch after the Beer Hall Putsch indicates his alignment with these nationalist and anti-Semitic ideologies prior to the full re-establishment of the Nazi Party.

What was the 'Reichstag' during the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany?

The Reichstag was the German parliament. During the Weimar Republic (1919-1933) and the subsequent Nazi era, it served as the legislative body, although its power was significantly curtailed under Nazi rule. Hans Schemm served as a deputy in the Reichstag from 1930 until his death in 1935.

What was the 'Reichsrat'?

The Reichsrat was a constitutional organ of Germany from 1919 to 1934, representing the states (Länder) at the federal level. Hans Schemm served as one of Bavaria's representatives in the Reichsrat after the Nazi seizure of power until the body was abolished in February 1934.

What is the meaning of 'Staatskommissar'?

'Staatskommissar' translates to State Commissioner. This was a position appointed by the government to oversee specific areas or take charge of particular functions, often during times of political transition or crisis. Hans Schemm was appointed Staatskommissar for education and culture in Bavaria in March 1933.

What were Hans Schemm's published works?

Hans Schemm authored several works, including 'Der rote Krieg. Mutter oder Genossin' (1931), 'Gott, Rasse und Kultur' (1933), and 'Unsere Religion heisst Christus, unsere Politik heisst Deutschland!' (1933). These titles reflect his engagement with Nazi ideology, particularly concerning race, religion, and national identity.

What is the significance of the school named the 'Hans-Schemm-Schule'?

The Altstadtschule in Bayreuth, where Hans Schemm taught before his full-time political career, was posthumously renamed the 'Hans-Schemm-Schule.' This naming convention was a common practice by the Nazis to honor party officials and integrate their legacy into public institutions.

What does the term 'Gau' refer to in the context of Nazi Germany's administrative divisions?

A 'Gau' was a territorial administrative division used by the Nazi Party in Germany. These Gaue, led by Gauleiters, were crucial for the party's organization and control, often aligning with or superseding existing state boundaries.

What was the 'Bavarian Soviet Republic'?

The Bavarian Soviet Republic was a short-lived socialist state declared in Bavaria in April 1919 following the collapse of the German Empire. It was quickly suppressed by paramilitary groups like the Freikorps, with which Hans Schemm was associated.

Who was Ludwig Ruckdeschel?

Ludwig Ruckdeschel was Hans Schemm's Deputy. He succeeded Schemm as the Acting Gauleiter of Gau Bavarian Eastern March following Schemm's death in the airplane accident in March 1935.

Who was Fritz Wachtler?

Fritz Wachtler was appointed as the permanent replacement for Hans Schemm as Gauleiter of Gau Bavarian Eastern March on December 5, 1935, taking over the position after Ludwig Ruckdeschel served as acting Gauleiter.

What was the 'Reichsstatthalter'?

The Reichsstatthalter, or Reich Governor, was an official appointed by the central Nazi government to represent its authority in each state (Land) of Germany. Franz Ritter von Epp held this position in Bavaria and appointed Schemm to ministerial roles.

What role did Adolf Hitler play in Hans Schemm's appointments?

Adolf Hitler appointed Hans Schemm to two significant Gauleiter positions: Gauleiter of Gau Upper Franconia in October 1928 and Gauleiter of the newly formed Gau Bavarian Eastern March in January 1933. Hitler also ordered medical attention for Schemm after his fatal airplane crash.

Hans Schemm Wiki: Hans Schemm: Architect of Nazi Ideology in Education

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Early Life and Education

Origins and Upbringing

Hans Schemm was born on October 6, 1891, in Bayreuth, within the Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire. His parents operated a shoemaker's shop. Schemm received his foundational education through five years of volksschule (elementary school), followed by preparatory schooling for teacher training.

Teacher Training and Early Career

From 1908 to 1910, Schemm attended the Royal Bavarian Teachers' Seminar in Altdorf bei Nürnberg. He commenced his teaching career in 1910 in Wülfersreuth, subsequently moving to Neufang in 1911. He married in 1915, and a son was born in 1917.

World War I and Tuberculosis

During World War I, Schemm served as a medical attendant in a military epidemic hospital in Bayreuth. He contracted tuberculosis, leading to his discharge from military service on August 26, 1916. He then returned to his teaching position in Neufang.

Post-War Involvement and Return to Teaching

In 1919, Schemm was a member of the Freikorps Bayreuth, participating in the suppression of the Bavarian Soviet Republic. Leveraging his background in biochemistry, he headed a bacteriological-chemical laboratory (Sanitorium Hubertusbad) in Thale. Following its closure in 1921 due to financial reasons, Schemm returned to teaching at the Altstadtschule in Bayreuth, which was later named the Hans-Schemm-Schule in his honor.

Nazi Party Career

Early Party Affiliation

Schemm joined the Nazi Party in 1922 and first met Adolf Hitler on September 30, 1923. Following the ban of the Party after the Beer Hall Putsch, Schemm, with Hitler's approval, became First Assessor in the Bayreuth Völkischer Bund. Upon its dissolution, he joined the National Socialist Freedom Movement. He immediately rejoined the Nazi Party upon its re-establishment in 1925, becoming the Ortsgruppenleiter (Local Group Leader) in Bayreuth, a position he held until his death.

Orator and Propagandist

By May 1927, Schemm advanced to Bezirksleiter (District Leader) in Upper Franconia. Recognized as a gifted speaker, he became an effective propagandist and served as a Reichsredner (national orator). A notable personal rivalry existed between Schemm and Friedrich Puchta, an SPD member and Reichstag representative from Bayreuth.

Political Advancement

Schemm was elected to the Bavarian Landtag (State Parliament) in May 1928, serving until September 1930. On October 1, 1928, following the division of Julius Streicher's Gau of Northern Bavaria, Schemm became the Gauleiter of the newly formed Gau of Upper Franconia. He co-founded the National Socialist Teachers League (NSLB) in Hof on November 24, 1928, and was elected its leader ("Reichswalter") on April 21, 1929.

Media and Publishing

Schemm was actively involved in Nazi Party publications. Between 1928 and 1929, he edited several Nazi newspapers, including Der Streiter, Weckruf, and Nationale Zeitung. In August 1929, he founded the Nationalsozialistische Lehrerzeitung, which served as the NSLB's journalistic organ. He also established the Bayreuth National Socialist Cultural Publishing House in July 1931, which published the daily newspaper Das Fränkische Volk.

Reichstag and Expanded Gau

Schemm became a member of the Bayreuth City Council in December 1929 and chaired its Nazi faction. In September 1930, he was elected to the national parliament, the Reichstag, representing electoral constituency 26 (Franconia), a seat he held until his death. On January 19, 1933, the Gau of Upper Franconia was merged with Lower Bavaria-Upper Palatinate to form the Gau Bavarian Eastern March, with Schemm assuming the role of Gauleiter for the enlarged territory.

Government and Ministry Roles

State Commissioner and Minister

Following the Nazi seizure of power in Bavaria on March 10, 1933, Schemm was appointed Staatskommissar (State Commissioner) for education and culture. He also represented Bavaria in the Reichsrat until its abolition in February 1934. On April 12, 1933, he was made permanent Minister for Education and Culture and "Leader of Cultural and Educational Affairs of Bavaria" under Minister-President Ludwig Siebert. He officially left school service at this time.

Key Appointments and Honors

Schemm became a member of the Academy for German Law in October 1933. He was a recipient of the Golden Party Badge and was granted honorary citizenship of Bayreuth. On November 17, 1933, he headed the Office for the NSLB within the Nazi Party leadership. By April 1, 1934, he was appointed head (Hauptamtsleiter) of the Main Office for Education at the Brown House, the NSDAP's national headquarters.

Ideological Stance

Schemm is characterized as a highly skilled and dynamic Nazi leader. His political positions were overtly antidemocratic, anti-Semitic, and anti-Communist. Notable quotations attributed to him include: "We are not objective – we are German!" and "...that a Jew should dangle from every lamppost."

Death and Legacy

Tragic Accident

On March 5, 1935, Hans Schemm sustained severe injuries in an aircraft crash. Despite Adolf Hitler's personal directive for renowned surgeon Professor Ferdinand Sauerbruch to attend to Schemm, he succumbed to his injuries on the same day before the professor's arrival.

State Funeral and Succession

Schemm was succeeded by his Deputy, Ludwig Ruckdeschel, as Acting Gauleiter. Fritz Wachtler was later appointed the permanent replacement on December 5. Schemm received an elaborate state funeral, attended by Hitler and numerous high-ranking Party and State officials. The ceremony was described as the largest Bayreuth had ever witnessed, surpassing even Richard Wagner's funeral in ostentation.

Posthumous Honors

In the aftermath of his death, the Nazi regime posthumously honored Schemm for his contributions as a publicist and educator. Numerous schools, streets, and halls were named in his memory across Germany.

Selected Works

Publications

Hans Schemm authored several works reflecting his ideological positions:

Der rote Krieg. Mutter oder Genossin, 1931
Gott, Rasse und Kultur, 1933
Unsere Religion heisst Christus, unsere Politik heisst Deutschland!, 1933

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References

Anna Rosmus Hitlers Nibelungen, Samples Grafenau 2015, p. 99

A full list of references for this article are available at the Hans Schemm Wikipedia page

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Hans Schemm: Architect of Nazi Ideology in Education

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Early Life and Education 📚

🏠 Origins and Upbringing

🎓 Teacher Training and Early Career

🎖️ World War I and Tuberculosis

⚔️ Post-War Involvement and Return to Teaching

Nazi Party Career 🚩

🤝 Early Party Affiliation

🗣️ Orator and Propagandist

🏛️ Political Advancement

📰 Media and Publishing

🇩🇪 Reichstag and Expanded Gau

Government and Ministry Roles 🏛️

👑 State Commissioner and Minister

📜 Key Appointments and Honors

🗣️ Ideological Stance

Death and Legacy ⚰️

✈️ Tragic Accident

🕊️ State Funeral and Succession

⭐ Posthumous Honors

Selected Works 📖

✍️ Publications

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Historical Context and Accuracy

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Early Life and Education

Origins and Upbringing

Teacher Training and Early Career

World War I and Tuberculosis

Post-War Involvement and Return to Teaching

Nazi Party Career

Early Party Affiliation

Orator and Propagandist

Political Advancement

Media and Publishing

Reichstag and Expanded Gau

Government and Ministry Roles

State Commissioner and Minister

Key Appointments and Honors

Ideological Stance

Death and Legacy

Tragic Accident

State Funeral and Succession

Posthumous Honors

Selected Works

Publications

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Historical Context and Accuracy