What is the primary distinction made at the beginning of the article regarding the topic of 'Java'?

The article immediately clarifies that it is about the Indonesian island of Java, not the programming language or other uses of the name, directing readers to relevant disambiguation pages for those topics.

What is Java's significance in terms of population compared to other islands globally?

Java is the most populous island in the world, housing approximately 56% of Indonesia's population despite covering only 7% of its land area. As of mid-2024, its population is estimated at 156.9 million people.

Which Indonesian administrative divisions are located on the island of Java?

Java is divided into four administrative provinces: Banten, West Java, Central Java, and East Java. Additionally, it includes two special regions: Jakarta and the Special Region of Yogyakarta.

What is the geological origin of Java?

Java was formed through volcanic eruptions resulting from the geological subduction of the Australian Plate beneath the Sunda Plate. This process created a chain of volcanic mountains that forms the island's east-west spine.

How does Java rank in size among the world's islands and within Indonesia?

Java is the 13th largest island in the world by area and the fifth largest island in Indonesia. Its landmass is approximately 132,598.77 square kilometers, including the island of Madura.

What are the major languages spoken on Java?

The four main languages spoken on Java are Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, and Betawi. Javanese and Sundanese are the most widely spoken languages on the island.

What are the primary ethnic groups native to Java?

The native ethnic groups of Java are the Javanese, primarily residing in the central and eastern parts, and the Sundanese, who inhabit the western regions. The Madurese are also a significant group, mainly found in East Java, having migrated from Madura Island.

What is the origin of the name 'Java'?

The name 'Java' is thought to derive from the Sanskrit chronicle mentioning 'yavadvipa', where 'dvipa' means island and 'yava' means barley or grain. This term is also referenced in the ancient Indian epic, the Ramayana.

How is Java situated geographically in relation to other islands and bodies of water?

Java is located in Southeast Asia, bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. It lies between Sumatra to the west and Bali to the east, with Borneo to the north and Christmas Island to the south.

What is the highest point on Java, and what is its elevation?

The highest point on Java is Mount Semeru, which reaches an elevation of 3,676 meters (12,060 feet). Semeru is part of the island's volcanic mountain spine.

Which volcano is considered the most active on Java and in Indonesia?

Mount Merapi, standing at 2,930 meters (9,610 feet), is identified as the most active volcano on Java and within Indonesia.

How does Java's topography influence its agricultural potential?

The chain of volcanic mountains and highlands on Java divides the island into relatively isolated regions. These areas are highly suitable for wet-rice cultivation, making Java's rice lands among the most productive globally.

What is the significance of Java in the history of Indonesian coffee cultivation?

Java was the first location in Indonesia where coffee was cultivated, starting in 1699. Today, Coffea arabica is still grown on the Ijen Plateau, and the island's coffee became so popular that 'Java' itself became a synonym for coffee.

What are the main ecosystems found on Java?

Java's natural environment features tropical rainforests, with ecosystems ranging from coastal mangrove forests and rocky cliffs to lowland tropical forests and high-altitude rainforests on volcanic slopes. The environment varies from west to east, transitioning from wet rainforests to drier savanna environments.

What impact has human activity had on Java's natural environment and wildlife?

Human activity, driven by a growing population, has led to the clearing of rainforests, altering ecosystems and confining remaining wildlife to highland slopes or isolated areas. This pressure has resulted in several endemic species becoming critically endangered or extinct, such as the Javan tiger and Javan elephant.

What evidence exists for early human presence on Java?

Fossilized remains of Homo erectus, known as 'Java Man', dating back as far as 1.3 million years, have been discovered along the Bengawan Solo River. These findings indicate a long history of hominid occupation on the island.

How did early civilizations develop on Java after the arrival of modern humans?

The island's fertility and rainfall facilitated the development of wet-field rice cultivation, which fostered cooperation and led to the emergence of small kingdoms. Rivers served as primary communication routes, though only the Brantas and Solo rivers allowed for long-distance travel, supporting major kingdoms in their valleys.

What ancient kingdoms played significant roles in Java's history during the Hindu-Buddhist era?

Key kingdoms included the Taruma kingdom in western Java, the Heling kingdom, and the powerful Mataram Kingdom in central Java, which was known for its Shiva-centric religion and temples on the Dieng Plateau. The Sailendra dynasty, patrons of Mahayana Buddhism, also flourished, building monuments like Borobudur and Prambanan.

What was the significance of the Majapahit Empire?

Majapahit, established in the 10th century, shifted power to eastern Java and became Java's first commercial empire, controlling ports and trade routes. Under leaders like Gajah Mada and Hayam Wuruk, it claimed sovereignty over much of the Indonesian archipelago, though its actual control was likely more limited.

When did Islam become the dominant religion in Java, and which sultanates were prominent during this period?

Islam became the dominant religion in Java by the end of the 16th century. During this time, the Demak, Cirebon, and Banten Sultanates were ascendant, with the Mataram Sultanate eventually becoming the dominant power in central and eastern Java.

How did European colonial powers first interact with Java?

Java's contact with European powers began in 1522 with a treaty between the Sunda kingdom and the Portuguese. Later, Dutch expeditions, starting with Cornelis de Houtman in 1596, led to the establishment of Dutch influence through the Dutch East India Company and subsequently the Dutch East Indies.

What major infrastructure project was initiated during the Dutch colonial administration?

During the administration of Herman Willem Daendels in 1808, the construction of the Great Post Road was commenced. This road stretched from Anyer to Panarukan and served as a vital military supply route.

What factors contributed to Java's significant population growth in the 19th century?

Population growth was fueled by the end of civil wars under Dutch rule, increased rice cultivation, and the introduction of new food crops like cassava and maize. Improved transportation networks, telegraph systems, and more coordinated distribution also helped eliminate famines, further supporting population increases.

When did Indonesia gain independence, and what role did Java play in this struggle?

Indonesian nationalism gained momentum in Java in the early 20th century, and the struggle for independence following World War II was centered on the island. Indonesia's independence was officially recognized in 1949.

What is the total land area of Java, including its associated islands?

The total land area of Java, including Madura and minor offshore islands, is approximately 132,598.77 square kilometers (51,196.67 sq mi). Madura alone contributes 5,408.45 square kilometers to this figure.

What is the average temperature range and humidity on Java?

The average temperature on Java typically ranges from 22°C (72°F) to 29°C (84°F), with average humidity around 75%. Coastal plains are generally hotter, while highland areas are cooler.

When does the wet season typically occur in Java?

The wet season in Java generally begins in November and concludes in April. Rainfall during this period often occurs intermittently, primarily in the afternoons.

Which national parks on Java are dedicated to protecting its wildlife?

Several national parks on Java protect its remaining wildlife, including Ujung Kulon, Mount Halimun-Salak, Gunung Gede Pangrango, Baluran, Meru Betiri, Bromo Tengger Semeru, and Alas Purwo National Parks.

What are the 'Pasisir' and 'Sunda' lands in Java?

The 'Pasisir' region refers to the northern coast of Java, historically significant as the location of the first Muslim sultanate. The 'Sunda' lands, or Tatar Sunda, are the western parts of Java, with Parahyangan as their cultural heartland.

What is 'Kejawen' culture in Java?

Kejawen is the most dominant cultural tradition on Java, particularly in the central region. It is associated with the island's remaining aristocracy and is considered the source of much of Indonesia's elite in military, business, and politics, known for its refined language, arts, and etiquette.

What are some of the classical Javanese arts?

Classical Javanese arts include gamelan music, which involves a traditional ensemble of instruments, and wayang, which are shadow puppet performances often depicting epic stories.

What is the significance of the Betawi people in Jakarta?

The Betawi people are descendants of various ethnic groups who settled around Batavia (now Jakarta) from the 17th century onwards. They are considered creole people, with a distinct culture and language derived from a blend of Indonesian and foreign influences.

What is the religious landscape of Java?

While Islam is the dominant religion, practiced by over 96% of the population, Java also has significant Christian, Buddhist, and Hindu communities. Pre-Islamic traditions blended with Hinduism and Buddhism, and later Islam integrated with existing local beliefs, leading to diverse practices like 'abangan' and 'santri'.

What role did the VOC play in Java's economy during the colonial era?

The Dutch East India Company (VOC) established a foothold in Batavia in the 17th century and introduced the cultivation of commercial plants like sugarcane, rubber, coffee, tea, and quinine. This significantly shaped Java's economy, turning coffee into a globally popular commodity.

How does Java contribute to Indonesia's Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?

Java is the most economically developed island in Indonesia and contributes significantly to the nation's GDP. As of 2021, Java alone accounted for approximately 60% of Indonesia's GDP, equivalent to US$686 billion.

What transportation networks are prominent on Java?

Java has a well-developed transportation network, including ancient road systems, the historic Great Post Road, and extensive railway networks built to transport commercial produce. Modern toll roads and national highways further connect major urban centers.

What is the population density of Java, and how does it compare globally?

Java is one of the most densely populated places in the world, with a density of nearly 1,183.5 people per square kilometer as of mid-2024. This density is comparable to that of Bangladesh.

What are the 'abangan' and 'santri' classifications within Javanese Islam?

'Abangan' refers to Javanese Muslims whose practices blend Islamic beliefs with pre-Islamic animistic and Hindu-Indian traditions, often seen as more syncretic. 'Santri' are those considered more orthodox in their Islamic beliefs and practices.

What historical events took place on Java that shaped Indonesian history?

Java was the center of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, Islamic sultanates, and the Dutch East Indies. It was also the focal point of Indonesia's struggle for independence during the 1930s and 1940s.

What are the four UNESCO World Heritage Sites located in Java?

The four UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Java are Ujung Kulon National Park, Borobudur Temple, Prambanan Temple, and the Sangiran Early Man Site.

What is the role of rivers in Java's historical communication and development?

Historically, rivers were the primary means of communication on Java, although most are short. The Brantas and Solo rivers were crucial for long-distance travel, supporting the development of major kingdoms in their valleys.

How did the arrival of Islam influence the religious structure in Java?

The arrival of Islam strengthened the existing status structure, with Muslim scholars ('Kyai') becoming the new religious elite as Hindu influences waned. Islamic schools ('pesantren') continued the tradition of students supporting their teachers, similar to the earlier 'resi' system.

What is the significance of the 'Pasisir' region in Java?

The 'Pasisir' region, located on Java's northern coast, is significant as it was home to the first Muslim sultanate in Indonesia and has historically been a center of trade and Islamic influence.

What are the main economic activities on Java?

Historically, Java's economy was based on rice agriculture and participation in the spice trade. In modern times, industry, business, trade, and services have flourished in major cities, alongside growing industrial estates.

What is the significance of the 'Yavadvipa' mention in the Ramayana?

The mention of 'Yavadvipa' in the Ramayana indicates that Java was known in ancient India. The epic recounts Sugriva sending envoys to Yavadvipa in search of the goddess Sita, highlighting the island's early recognition in Indian literature.

What is the 'Cultivation System' and its potential impact on Java's population?

The Cultivation System was a Dutch colonial policy that required Javanese farmers to grow cash crops for export. While intended to boost revenue, some sources link it to increased taxation burdens and famines or epidemics in the 1840s, potentially influencing population dynamics as families had more children hoping to meet tax obligations.

What are the 'abangan' and 'santri' classifications within Javanese Islam?

'Abangan' refers to Javanese Muslims whose practices blend Islamic beliefs with pre-Islamic animistic and Hindu-Indian traditions, often seen as more syncretic. 'Santri' are those considered more orthodox in their Islamic beliefs and practices.

What is the significance of the 'Pasisir' region in Java?

The 'Pasisir' region, located on Java's northern coast, is significant as it was home to the first Muslim sultanate in Indonesia and has historically been a center of trade and Islamic influence.

What are the main economic activities on Java?

Historically, Java's economy was based on rice agriculture and participation in the spice trade. In modern times, industry, business, trade, and services have flourished in major cities, alongside growing industrial estates.

What is the significance of the 'Yavadvipa' mention in the Ramayana?

The mention of 'Yavadvipa' in the Ramayana indicates that Java was known in ancient India. The epic recounts Sugriva sending envoys to Yavadvipa in search of the goddess Sita, highlighting the island's early recognition in Indian literature.

What is the 'Cultivation System' and its potential impact on Java's population?

The Cultivation System was a Dutch colonial policy that required Javanese farmers to grow cash crops for export. While intended to boost revenue, some sources link it to increased taxation burdens and famines or epidemics in the 1840s, potentially influencing population dynamics as families had more children hoping to meet tax obligations.

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Etymology

Sanskrit Roots

The name "Java" likely originates from the Sanskrit chronicle mentioning an island named Yavadvipa, translating to "barley island" or "grain island." This term may refer to millet or rice, crops historically abundant on the island. The name also appears in ancient Indian epics like the Ramayana, indicating early interactions and knowledge of the island.

Ancient Records

Ptolemy's 2nd-century AD work, Geographia, mentions an island called Iabadiu or Jabadiu, interpreted as "barley island" and rich in gold, with a silver city named Argyra. Chinese records from the 5th century onwards refer to Java using various names like She-po and Zhao-Wa, reflecting its significance in regional trade and diplomacy.

Austronesian Connections

Another theory suggests "Java" derives from a Proto-Austronesian root word, Yawa, meaning "home." This resonates with similar terms used in Polynesian cultures, such as Hawaiki, the ancestral homeland. This linguistic link highlights Java's deep connections within the broader Austronesian world.

Geography

Location and Size

Java is a key island within the Greater Sunda Islands archipelago in Southeast Asia, situated in Indonesia. Bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north, it is the world's 13th largest island by area and the fifth largest in Indonesia, covering approximately 132,598.77 square kilometers.

Volcanic Landscape

The island's topography is predominantly volcanic, characterized by an east-west chain of 38 mountains, many of which are active volcanoes. Mount Semeru stands as the highest peak at 3,678 meters. This volcanic activity has shaped Java's fertile lands, making its rice paddies among the most productive globally.

Biodiversity and Climate

Java boasts rich biodiversity, with ecosystems ranging from coastal mangroves to high-altitude rainforests. Its climate is tropical, with distinct wet and dry seasons. The island's environment varies from humid rainforests in the west to drier savanna-like conditions in the east, influenced by rainfall patterns and elevation.

History

Early Human Presence

Fossil evidence indicates the presence of Homo erectus, known as "Java Man," dating back as far as 1.3 million years. Later, Homo erectus soloensis represented the last known population of this species on the island. Modern humans arrived later, interacting with endemic species and shaping the island's early human landscape.

Kingdoms and Empires

Java was home to influential Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms like Tarumanagara, Mataram, and Majapahit. Majapahit, in particular, rose to prominence in the 14th century, extending its influence across the archipelago and becoming Java's first major commercial empire. The arrival of Islam gradually shifted the island's religious and political landscape.

Colonial Era and Independence

European colonial powers, including the Portuguese and later the Dutch, established a significant presence on Java from the 16th century. The island served as a crucial center for trade and resource extraction. Java was also the focal point of Indonesia's struggle for independence in the 20th century, culminating in recognition in 1949.

Administration

Administrative Divisions

Java is administratively divided into four provinces: Banten, West Java, Central Java, and East Java. Additionally, it encompasses two special regions: the Special Capital Region of Jakarta and the Special Region of Yogyakarta. These divisions reflect the island's complex historical and cultural geography.

Population Distribution

The table details the population and area statistics for Java's provinces and special regions. West Java, Central Java, and East Java are the largest by population and area, while Jakarta stands out with its exceptionally high population density, reflecting its status as the nation's capital and economic hub.

Province or Special Region	Capital	Area (km²)	Population (mid 2024 estimate)	Density (per km²)
Banten	Serang	9,352.77	12,431,390	1,329
Special Region of Jakarta	Central Jakarta	660.98	10,684,946	16,165
West Java	Bandung	37,040.04	50,345,189	1,359
Central Java	Semarang	34,337.49	37,892,280	1,104
Yogyakarta Special Region	Yogyakarta	3,170.65	3,759,500	1,186
East Java	Surabaya	48,036.84	41,814,499	870
Java Island Total	—	127,190.32	152,771,143	1,201
Madura Island (East Java)	—	5,408.45	4,156,661	769
Java & Madura Total	—	132,598.77	156,927,804	1,183

Demographics

Population Density

Java is the world's most populous island, home to approximately 56% of Indonesia's population. With a population density nearing 1,183 people per square kilometer, it is one of the most densely populated regions globally. The western part of the island, particularly around Jakarta, exhibits the highest population concentration and growth.

Ethnic Composition

The primary native ethnic groups are the Javanese and Sundanese. Significant populations of Madurese, migrants from Madura Island, reside in East Java. The Betawi people, descendants of various ethnic groups in Jakarta, also form a distinct cultural community. Indonesian is widely spoken as a second language.

Population Trends

Java's population has grown substantially over the decades, driven by factors including improved infrastructure, agricultural productivity, and its role as Indonesia's economic and cultural center. While transmigration programs have aimed to redistribute population, Java's overall population continues to increase due to internal migration and natural growth.

Economy

Agricultural Foundation

Historically, Java's economy was heavily reliant on rice agriculture, supporting ancient kingdoms and enabling population growth. The island's fertile volcanic soil and favorable climate facilitated extensive rice cultivation and trade across Asia, establishing Java as a key agricultural producer.

Commercial Cultivation

During the colonial era, the Dutch introduced and expanded the cultivation of commercial crops like sugarcane, rubber, coffee, and tea. Javanese coffee, in particular, gained international renown, leading to "Java" becoming a common synonym for coffee worldwide. This commercial agriculture significantly shaped the island's economy.

Modern Economic Hub

Today, Java is Indonesia's economic powerhouse, contributing approximately 60% of the nation's GDP. Major cities like Jakarta, Surabaya, and Bandung are centers for industry, trade, and services. The island's well-developed transportation networks, including extensive road and rail systems, facilitate its robust economic activity.

Culture

Cultural Heritage

Java is home to four UNESCO World Heritage sites, including Borobudur and Prambanan temples, reflecting its rich Hindu-Buddhist past. Traditional arts such as gamelan music and wayang puppet shows remain integral to Javanese cultural identity, passed down through generations.

Diverse Traditions

The island hosts distinct cultural spheres, including the Javanese heartland centered around Yogyakarta, the coastal Pasisir region, the Sundanese lands in the west, and the eastern salient. These areas exhibit unique languages, customs, and artistic expressions, contributing to Java's rich cultural tapestry.

Cultural Synthesis

Java's history is marked by the assimilation of various cultural influences, from Indian and Arab traders to Chinese immigrants. This synthesis has created a unique Javanese culture that blends indigenous traditions with external elements, fostering a dynamic and evolving societal framework.

Languages

Major Languages

The principal languages spoken on Java are Javanese and Sundanese, reflecting the island's dominant ethnic groups. Madurese is also widely spoken, particularly in East Java. Additionally, Betawi, a Malay dialect, is spoken in the Jakarta region, showcasing linguistic diversity.

Lingua Franca

Indonesian, the national language, serves as a common second language for the vast majority of Java's population. It facilitates communication across different ethnic and linguistic groups, playing a crucial role in national unity and administration.

Regional Dialects

Beyond the major languages, numerous regional dialects and languages exist, such as Osing, Banyumasan, Tenggerese, Baduy, Bantenese, and Kangeanese. These variations underscore the intricate linguistic landscape shaped by Java's diverse history and regional identities.

Religion

Islamic Dominance

Islam is the predominant religion in Java, practiced by over 96% of the population. Its influence grew significantly from the 16th century onwards, shaping much of the island's cultural and social fabric. Javanese Islam often incorporates mystical traditions and pre-Islamic beliefs.

Historical Religions

Prior to Islam's widespread adoption, Hinduism and Buddhism were the dominant religions, leaving behind significant architectural and cultural legacies, such as the magnificent Borobudur and Prambanan temples. Small Hindu communities persist, particularly in eastern Java near Bali.

Minority Faiths

Christianity, both Protestant and Roman Catholic, is practiced by significant minority communities, often concentrated in urban areas or specific rural pockets. Buddhism and Confucianism are also officially recognized religions, primarily adhered to by Chinese Indonesian communities.

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References

Hatley, R., Schiller, J., Lucas, A., Martin-Schiller, B., (1984). "Mapping cultural regions of Java" in: Other Javas away from the kraton. pp. 1â32.

Mills, J.V.G. (1970). Ying-yai Sheng-lan: The Overall Survey of the Ocean Shores [1433]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Yule, Sir Henry (1913). Cathay and the way thither: being a collection of medieval notices of China vol. II. London: The Hakluyt Society.

Raffles, Thomas E.: History of Java. Oxford University Press, 1965, p. 2.

Raffles, Thomas E.: History of Java. Oxford University Press, 1965, p. 3.

Hatley, R., Schiller, J., Lucas, A., Martin-Schiller, B., (1984). "Mapping cultural regions of Java" in: Other Javas away from the kraton. pp. 1â32.

Nguyen, T. T. T., and S. S. De Silva (2006). Freshwater finfish biodiversity and conservation: an asian perspective. Biodiversity & Conservation 15(11): 3543â3568.

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, Iabadius

The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago/Chapter 2

See Wallace Stevens's poem "Tea" for an appreciative allusion to Javanese culture.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Java Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional geographical, historical, or cultural consultation. Always refer to official sources and consult with qualified experts for specific needs.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Java: The Emerald Heart of Indonesia

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Etymology 📜

📚 Sanskrit Roots

🗺️ Ancient Records

🌏 Austronesian Connections

Geography 🌍

📍 Location and Size

🌋 Volcanic Landscape

🌳 Biodiversity and Climate

History ⏳

🗿 Early Human Presence

👑 Kingdoms and Empires

⚔️ Colonial Era and Independence

Administration 🏛️

🗺️ Administrative Divisions

📊 Population Distribution

Demographics 👥

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Population Density

👥 Ethnic Composition

📈 Population Trends

Economy 💰

🌾 Agricultural Foundation

☕ Commercial Cultivation

🏭 Modern Economic Hub

Culture 🎭

🏛️ Cultural Heritage

🎭 Diverse Traditions

🤝 Cultural Synthesis

Languages 🗣️

💬 Major Languages

🌐 Lingua Franca

🗣️ Regional Dialects

Religion 🕌

☪️ Islamic Dominance

🕉️ Historical Religions

✝️ Minority Faiths

Related 🔗

🇮🇩 Indonesia Portal

🏝️ Islands Portal

📜 History of Indonesia

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Etymology

Sanskrit Roots

Ancient Records

Austronesian Connections

Geography

Location and Size

Volcanic Landscape

Biodiversity and Climate

History

Early Human Presence

Kingdoms and Empires

Colonial Era and Independence

Administration

Administrative Divisions

Population Distribution

Demographics

Population Density

Ethnic Composition

Population Trends

Economy

Agricultural Foundation

Commercial Cultivation

Modern Economic Hub

Culture

Cultural Heritage

Diverse Traditions

Cultural Synthesis

Languages

Major Languages

Lingua Franca

Regional Dialects

Religion

Islamic Dominance

Historical Religions

Minority Faiths

Related

Indonesia Portal

Islands Portal

History of Indonesia

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

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References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice