What were the official names and time period of the Kingdom of Portugal?

The Kingdom of Portugal existed from 1139 to 1910. It was also known as the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves after 1471, and was a primary component of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, which existed from 1815 to 1822.

What was the predecessor state to the Kingdom of Portugal, and who founded its initial nucleus?

The Kingdom of Portugal originated from the County of Portugal, which was established in the 9th century as part of the Reconquista. Vímara Peres, a vassal of the King of Asturias, founded this initial nucleus.

How did the County of Portugal transition to an independent kingdom?

The transition from the County of Portugal to an independent kingdom occurred in three stages: first, Afonso Henriques was acclaimed King of the Portuguese by his troops after the Battle of Ourique on July 25, 1139; second, Alfonso VII of León and Castile recognized Afonso Henriques as king through the Treaty of Zamora on October 5, 1143; and third, Pope Alexander III recognized Portugal's independence with the Papal Bull *Manifestis Probatum* in 1179.

Which royal houses ruled Portugal during its existence?

Portugal was initially ruled by the Afonsine Dynasty (Portuguese House of Burgundy) until 1383. Following the 1383–1385 Crisis, the monarchy passed to the House of Aviz. After the Portuguese Restoration War (1640–1668), the House of Braganza took the throne, followed by the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

What significant geopolitical event occurred between Portugal and Habsburg Spain from 1580 to 1640?

From 1580 to 1640, the Kingdom of Portugal was in a personal union with Habsburg Spain, an arrangement known as the Iberian Union.

What conflict led to the end of the Iberian Union and the restoration of Portuguese independence?

The Portuguese Restoration War, which took place from 1640 to 1668, ended the Iberian Union and restored Portugal's independence, leading to the House of Braganza ascending to the throne.

How did Portugal's global influence change in the centuries following the Restoration War?

Following the Restoration War, Portugal's global influence began to decline, although it remained a significant power primarily due to its valuable colony, Brazil. The kingdom also sought to expand its presence in Africa.

What event in 1890 significantly impacted Portugal's colonial ambitions in Africa?

The 1890 British Ultimatum forced Portugal to halt its colonial expansion in Africa, a move that contributed to growing discontent and ultimately played a role in the monarchy's downfall.

What was the political status of Portugal regarding its form of government before 1910?

Portugal was an absolute monarchy before 1822. From 1822 to 1834, it alternated between absolute and semi-constitutional monarchy. After 1834, it remained a semi-constitutional monarchy until the monarchy's fall in 1910.

What were the capitals of the Kingdom of Portugal, and when did they change?

Coimbra served as the capital of Portugal until 1255. Subsequently, Lisbon became the capital and remained so until the monarchy's end in 1910.

What were the official languages of the Kingdom of Portugal?

The official languages of the Kingdom of Portugal were Portuguese and Latin. Portuguese was the primary language, while Latin was used for administrative and liturgical purposes, evolving from Medieval Latin to Renaissance Latin by the 15th century.

What was the state religion of the Kingdom of Portugal?

Roman Catholicism was the official state religion of the Kingdom of Portugal.

What was the motto of the Kingdom of Portugal?

The motto of the Kingdom of Portugal was "In hoc signo vinces", which translates from Latin to "In this sign thou shalt conquer."

What were the national anthems of Portugal during the monarchy's existence?

Portugal had two national anthems during the monarchy: the "Hymno Patriótico" (Patriotic Anthem) from 1809 to 1834, and the "Hino da Carta" (Anthem of the Charter) from 1834 to 1910.

What was the area of Portugal around the year 1300?

In 1300, the area of Portugal was approximately 90,000 square kilometers (35,000 square miles).

What was the approximate population of Portugal in 1300, 1800, and 1900?

The population of Portugal was approximately 800,000 in 1300, 9,270,000 in 1800, and 12,434,000 in 1900.

What currency was used in Portugal during its monarchy?

The currency used in Portugal during its monarchy was the Portuguese dinheiro until 1433, and then the Portuguese real from 1433 until the monarchy's fall in 1910.

What event in 1908 significantly impacted the Portuguese monarchy and contributed to its downfall?

The Lisbon Regicide on February 1, 1908, was a pivotal event where King Carlos I and his heir, Prince Royal Luís Filipe, were assassinated in Lisbon. This event weakened the monarchy and benefited republican movements.

Who became King of Portugal following the Lisbon Regicide, and how long did his reign last?

Following the Lisbon Regicide, King Carlos I's second son, Manuel II, ascended to the throne. His reign was short-lived, ending with the revolution in 1910.

What event marked the end of the Kingdom of Portugal and the establishment of the First Portuguese Republic?

The end of the Kingdom of Portugal and the establishment of the First Portuguese Republic occurred on October 5, 1910, with a revolution that sent the last king, Manuel II, into exile.

What was the 'Monarchy of the North', and when did it occur?

The Monarchy of the North was a brief royalist counterrevolution proclaimed in Porto on January 19, 1919. It was deposed approximately one month later.

How did Portugal's overseas colonies transition after the monarchy's fall?

After the republican revolution in 1910, Portugal's remaining colonies became overseas provinces of the Portuguese Republic. These territories were gradually handed over, with the last ones in Africa (Angola and Mozambique) in 1975 and Macau in Asia in 1999.

What were the key stages of Portugal's independence from the Kingdom of León?

Portugal's independence from the Kingdom of León was achieved in three stages: the acclamation of Afonso Henriques as King in 1139 after the Battle of Ourique, the recognition of his kingship by Alfonso VII of León and Castile via the Treaty of Zamora in 1143, and the final recognition by Pope Alexander III through the Papal Bull *Manifestis Probatum* in 1179.

What was the significance of the Treaty of Zamora in Portuguese history?

The Treaty of Zamora, signed on October 5, 1143, was a crucial event where Alfonso VII of León and Castile officially recognized Afonso Henriques as the King of Portugal, marking a traditional founding date of the kingdom.

What was the role of Pope Alexander III in Portugal's establishment as a kingdom?

Pope Alexander III played a role in solidifying Portugal's independence by issuing the Papal Bull *Manifestis Probatum* in 1179, which formally recognized Portugal's status as a kingdom.

What was the Portuguese Empire, and when did it flourish?

The Portuguese Empire was a vast colonial empire established through Portuguese exploration during the 15th and 16th centuries. It encompassed territories across Africa, Asia, and the Americas.

What was the nature of the relationship between Portugal and Brazil from 1815 to 1822?

From 1815 to 1822, Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves were united as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, signifying a period of closer political integration before Brazil's independence.

What is the significance of the Battle of Ourique in the context of Portugal's founding?

The Battle of Ourique, fought on July 25, 1139, is historically significant because it was after this battle that Afonso Henriques was acclaimed King of the Portuguese by his troops, marking a key step towards independence.

What was the '1383–1385 Crisis' in Portuguese history?

The 1383–1385 Crisis was a period of succession dispute and political instability in Portugal that followed the death of King Ferdinand I without a male heir. This crisis ultimately led to the end of the House of Burgundy and the rise of the House of Aviz.

What was the significance of the Battle of Aljubarrota for the House of Aviz?

The Battle of Aljubarrota, fought in 1385, was a decisive victory for the forces supporting the House of Aviz, securing their claim to the Portuguese throne and ending the 1383-1385 Crisis.

What was the 'Lisbon Regicide' and its impact on the monarchy?

The Lisbon Regicide occurred on February 1, 1908, when King Carlos I and his heir, Prince Royal Luís Filipe, were assassinated in Lisbon. This event severely weakened the monarchy's legitimacy and public support, paving the way for the republican revolution.

What is the historical significance of the flag of Portugal (1830–1910) and its associated coat of arms?

The flag of Portugal used from 1830 to 1910, and the coat of arms from 1834 to 1910, are visual symbols representing the Kingdom of Portugal during its later constitutional monarchy period, prior to the establishment of the Republic.

What were the different types of legislatures or governing bodies mentioned for the Kingdom of Portugal?

The Kingdom of Portugal utilized various legislative and governing structures throughout its history, including the Portuguese Cortes (until 1706 and again from 1816–1820), rule by decree during periods of absolute monarchy, the Constituent Cortes of 1820, and the Cortes Gerais (from 1834–1910), which comprised a Chamber of Peers and a Chamber of Deputies.

What were the primary royal residences of the Portuguese monarchy?

Key royal residences included the Palace of Ajuda, Belém Palace, Bemposta Palace, Buçaco Palace, Évora Palace, Mafra Palace, Necessidades Palace, Pena Palace, Queluz Palace, Ramalhão Palace, Ribeira Palace, São Jorge Castle, and the Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa.

What historical periods are covered by the 'History of Portugal' sidebar, and what key events are highlighted?

The sidebar covers Ancient Portugal (Prehistoric Iberia, Roman conquest, Suebic and Visigothic Kingdoms), Medieval Portugal (Reconquista, House of Burgundy, 1383-1385 Crisis), the Age of Discovery (Imperial expansion, Portuguese Empire, Iberian Union), the Bragantine period (Restoration War, Lisbon earthquake, Liberal Wars), and the modern periods leading to the First Republic (Constitutional Monarchy, 1910 Revolution). It also lists topics like Archives, Economy, Language, and specific regions like the Azores and Madeira.

What does the gallery section of the article showcase regarding the Kingdom of Portugal?

The gallery section displays various historical flags of the Kingdom of Portugal from different periods (e.g., 1495–1521, 1521–1578, 1640–1667), coats of arms used by the monarchy (e.g., 1610–1815), and shields representing the kingdom's heraldry across different centuries (e.g., 1185–1248, 1385–1481).

What was the significance of the Portuguese discoveries in the 15th and 16th centuries?

During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portuguese exploration led to the establishment of a vast colonial empire, significantly expanding Portugal's global reach and influence.

What was the role of Brazil in Portugal's status as a major power after the independence of Brazil?

Even after Brazil's independence, Portugal sought to establish itself in Africa. Brazil's former status as Portugal's most valuable colony had been crucial to maintaining its position as a major power.

What was the nature of the monarchy in Portugal from 1834 onwards?

From 1834 until its fall in 1910, Portugal was a semi-constitutional monarchy.

What were the main territorial claims or possessions of Portugal in North Africa during its history?

Portugal held several territories in North Africa, including Ceuta (1415–1640), Alcácer Ceguer (1458–1550), Arzila (1471–1550), Tangier (1471–1662), and Mazagan (1485–1550, and later 1506–1769).

Which territories in Sub-Saharan Africa were under Portuguese control?

Portuguese territories in Sub-Saharan Africa included Cape Verde (1462–1975), São Tomé and Príncipe (1470–1975), Portuguese Mozambique (1501–1975), Portuguese Angola (1575–1975), Elmina (1482–1637), and various other coastal settlements and trading posts.

What were Portugal's significant holdings in South Asia and the East Indies?

Portugal established a significant presence in South Asia, notably in Portuguese India, which included Goa (1510–1961), Cochin (1500–1663), and Bombay (1534–1661). In the East Indies, they controlled Malacca (1511–1641) and parts of the Maluku Islands (1512–1621).

What territories did Portugal claim or control in East Asia and Oceania?

Portugal's presence in East Asia and Oceania included Macau in China (1557–1999), Nagasaki in Japan (1580–1586), and Portuguese Timor (East Timor) (1642–1975).

What were Portugal's early claims in North America?

In the 16th century, Portugal made claims in North America, including Terra Nova (Newfoundland) and Labrador (1500–1579?), and Nova Scotia (1516–1579?).

What was the duration of Portuguese control over Brazil?

Portugal controlled Brazil from its discovery in 1500 until Brazil's independence in 1822, a period of over three centuries.

What was the significance of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves?

The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, existing from 1815 to 1822, represented a period where Brazil was elevated to the status of a kingdom, forming a political union with Portugal and the Algarves.

What was the 'Reconquista' in the context of Portugal's origins?

The Reconquista was a historical period during which Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula sought to recapture territory from Muslim rule. The County of Portugal emerged as part of this process.

What was the role of the Afonsine Dynasty in early Portuguese history?

The Afonsine Dynasty, also known as the Portuguese House of Burgundy, ruled Portugal from its founding until 1383. They were descendants of Afonso I and played a crucial role in establishing and consolidating the kingdom.

What was the significance of the House of Aviz in Portuguese history?

The House of Aviz came to power after the 1383–1385 Crisis, succeeding the Afonsine Dynasty. This house presided over Portugal's Age of Discovery and the expansion of its colonial empire.

What was the significance of the House of Braganza in Portuguese history?

The House of Braganza ascended to the Portuguese throne after the Restoration War in 1640, ending the Iberian Union. This dynasty ruled Portugal through periods of colonial expansion, decline, and eventual revolution.

What does the term 'Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves' signify?

The term 'Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves' was used after 1471 to denote the incorporation of the Kingdom of the Algarve into the Portuguese crown, reflecting the territorial expansion and consolidation of the kingdom.

Kingdom Of Portugal Wiki: The Portuguese Crown: A Chronicle of Kings and Kingdoms

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A Kingdom Forged in Reconquista

Medieval Origins

The Kingdom of Portugal emerged from the County of Portugal, a territory within the Kingdom of León. Its formal establishment as an independent kingdom is traditionally dated to the Treaty of Zamora in 1143, when Afonso VII of León recognized Afonso Henriques as King Afonso I of Portugal. This pivotal moment followed Afonso Henriques's victory at the Battle of São Mamede and was solidified by Papal Bull Manifestis Probatum in 1179, confirming Portugal's independence and Afonso I's royal status. The early kingdom was shaped by the ongoing Reconquista, the centuries-long effort to reclaim Iberian lands from Muslim rule.

Dynastic Succession

The initial ruling house was the Portuguese House of Burgundy (Afonsine Dynasty), which governed until the succession crisis of 1383–1385. This period of turmoil concluded with the ascension of the House of Aviz, marking a new era. Notably, all subsequent monarchs, regardless of the ruling house, maintained lineage tracing back to Afonso I, underscoring the continuity of the Portuguese monarchy.

Age of Discovery and Expansion

During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal spearheaded the Age of Discovery. Pioneering maritime exploration, the kingdom established a vast global empire, extending its influence across Africa, Asia, and the Americas. This era cemented Portugal's status as a major world power, driven by trade, exploration, and colonial expansion.

The Genesis of a Nation

From County to Kingdom

The Kingdom's roots lie in the County of Portugal, established in the 9th century as part of the Kingdom of Asturias. Initially a vassal territory, it gradually asserted its autonomy. The process of independence unfolded in distinct stages:

1139: Afonso Henriques acclaimed King of the Portuguese after the Battle of Ourique.
1143: Treaty of Zamora formally recognized by Afonso VII of León and Castile.
1179: Papal Bull Manifestis Probatum by Pope Alexander III confirmed international recognition.

This sequence established the sovereign foundation of Portugal.

Early Governance

The early kingdom was characterized by feudal structures, gradually evolving towards a more centralized monarchy. The Afonsine Dynasty laid the groundwork for state administration, law, and territorial consolidation, navigating complex relationships with neighboring kingdoms and the Papacy.

The Royal Houses of Portugal

House of Burgundy (Afonsine)

Ruling from the kingdom's inception (c. 1139) until 1383, this dynasty, founded by Afonso Henriques, established Portugal's independence and territorial integrity during the Reconquista. Its rule concluded with a succession crisis.

House of Aviz

Ascending after the 1383–1385 Crisis, the House of Aviz presided over Portugal's golden age – the Age of Discovery. Monarchs like John II and Manuel I sponsored voyages that established the Portuguese Empire, expanding trade routes and colonial holdings across the globe.

House of Habsburg (Philippine Dynasty)

From 1580 to 1640, Portugal entered a personal union with Habsburg Spain, known as the Iberian Union. This period saw Portuguese territories administered under Spanish monarchs, a situation that eventually led to the Restoration War.

House of Braganza

Following the Restoration of Independence in 1640, the House of Braganza assumed the throne. This dynasty ruled through significant periods, including the transfer of the court to Brazil, the Liberal Wars, and the eventual decline of monarchical power, culminating in the revolution of 1910. A cadet branch, the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, ruled from 1853 until the monarchy's fall.

A Global Maritime Reach

Colonial Expansion

The Portuguese Empire, intrinsically linked to the Kingdom, was one of the longest-lived colonial empires. Its foundations were laid in the 15th century with explorations along the African coast, leading to the establishment of trading posts and colonies. Key territories included Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Goa, Malacca, and Macau.

The empire's reach spanned continents:

Africa: Cape Verde (1462–1975), Elmina (1482–1637), Portuguese Angola (1575–1975), Portuguese Mozambique (1501–1975).
Asia: Portuguese Malacca (1511–1641), Goa (1510–1961), Portuguese Ceylon (1518–1658), Macau (1557–1999).
Americas: Brazil (1500–1822), Cisplatina (1808–1822).

Economic Powerhouse

The empire facilitated immense wealth through trade in spices, gold, sugar, and slaves. The discovery of sea routes to India and the colonization of Brazil significantly boosted Portugal's economy, although reliance on colonial resources also presented long-term challenges.

Structure of Power

Monarchy Types

Portugal's governance evolved significantly over its history:

Feudal/Semi-Constitutional Monarchy: Early periods saw feudal influences, with power gradually centralizing.
Absolute Monarchy: From 1698 to 1820, and again during specific intervals (1823–1826, 1828–1834), the monarch held supreme power.
Semi-Constitutional Monarchy: Following the Liberal Wars (1834–1910), Portugal operated under a parliamentary system where the monarch retained significant, though constitutionally limited, authority.

Legislative Bodies

Throughout its history, Portugal featured various legislative and advisory bodies, including the Cortes, which evolved over centuries. The Chamber of Peers and the Chamber of Deputies formed the bicameral Cortes Gerais during the constitutional monarchy period (1834–1910).

State Religion

Roman Catholicism was the official state religion throughout the Kingdom's existence, deeply influencing cultural and political life. The Church held significant sway in societal matters and state affairs.

The End of an Era

Seeds of Decline

Internal political instability, economic challenges, and the impact of colonial administration, particularly the loss of Brazil and setbacks in the Scramble for Africa (highlighted by the 1890 British Ultimatum), eroded support for the monarchy. Growing republican sentiment, fueled by progressive politicians and the press, gained momentum in urban centers like Lisbon.

The Lisbon Regicide

The assassination of King Carlos I and Crown Prince Luís Filipe in 1908 marked a critical turning point. This event destabilized the monarchy, leading to the brief reign of King Manuel II, whose rule was ultimately overthrown.

Revolution of 1910

The culmination of republican movements and monarchical weakness led to the 5 October 1910 revolution. This event abolished the monarchy, exiled King Manuel II, and established the First Portuguese Republic, bringing an end to over seven centuries of continuous royal rule.

Emblems of Sovereignty

Flags Through Time

The Kingdom of Portugal utilized various flags throughout its history, reflecting dynastic changes and evolving national identity. These flags typically featured the national shield (armillary sphere and escutcheons) and royal emblems.

1495–1521: Featured the Cross of the Order of Christ.
1521–1578: Incorporated the royal arms with the Cross of Christ.
1640–1667: Displayed the royal arms with the crown and the Cross of Christ.
1830–1910: The final design featured the royal arms with the crown, armillary sphere, and the shield of the Algarves.

Coats of Arms

The coat of arms evolved significantly, consistently featuring the five blue escutcheons (representing the five Moorish kings defeated by Afonso Henriques) and the red bordure with castles (representing conquered castles). The armillary sphere became a prominent symbol, especially during the Age of Discovery.

Early Arms (c. 1185): Featured five blue escutcheons and seven castles.
Aviz Dynasty Arms: Introduced the five red bezants within the blue escutcheons.
1481 Arms: Incorporated the armillary sphere, symbolizing navigation.
1834–1910 Arms: Showcased the full royal achievement with the crown, armillary sphere, shield, and the Order of Christ cross.

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References

Galician-Portuguese (until 16th century)Modern Portuguese (16th century onward)

Widely used for administrative and liturgical purposes. Medieval Latin replaced by Renaissance Latin by the 15th century.

(Latin: Regnum Portugalliae; Portuguese: Reino de Portugal)

A full list of references for this article are available at the Kingdom of Portugal Wikipedia page

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The Portuguese Crown

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A Kingdom Forged in Reconquista ⚔️

🌱 Medieval Origins

👑 Dynastic Succession

🧭 Age of Discovery and Expansion

The Genesis of a Nation 🗺️

🏰 From County to Kingdom

📜 Early Governance

The Royal Houses of Portugal 👑

🌿 House of Burgundy (Afonsine)

⛵ House of Aviz

🇪🇸 House of Habsburg (Philippine Dynasty)

⭐ House of Braganza

A Global Maritime Reach 🌐

🌏 Colonial Expansion

💰 Economic Powerhouse

Structure of Power 🏛️

⚖️ Monarchy Types

📜 Legislative Bodies

✝️ State Religion

The End of an Era 💥

📉 Seeds of Decline

🩸 The Lisbon Regicide

✊ Revolution of 1910

Emblems of Sovereignty ⚜️

🚩 Flags Through Time

🛡️ Coats of Arms

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

A Kingdom Forged in Reconquista

Medieval Origins

Dynastic Succession

Age of Discovery and Expansion

The Genesis of a Nation

From County to Kingdom

Early Governance

The Royal Houses of Portugal

House of Burgundy (Afonsine)

House of Aviz

House of Habsburg (Philippine Dynasty)

House of Braganza

A Global Maritime Reach

Colonial Expansion

Economic Powerhouse

Structure of Power

Monarchy Types

Legislative Bodies

State Religion

The End of an Era

Seeds of Decline

The Lisbon Regicide

Revolution of 1910

Emblems of Sovereignty

Flags Through Time

Coats of Arms

Teacher's Corner

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References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

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