What was the Lockheed Corporation, and when did it cease to exist as an independent entity?

The Lockheed Corporation was an American aerospace manufacturer. It was founded in 1926 and ceased to exist independently in 1995 when it merged with Martin Marietta to form Lockheed Martin.

Who were the founders of the Lockheed Aircraft Company, and what was the original name of their first aviation venture?

The Lockheed Aircraft Company was founded by brothers Allan Lockheed and Malcolm Lockheed. Their earlier aviation venture, operational from 1912 to 1920, was named the Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company.

Why did the Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company, founded by the Lockheed brothers, eventually fold?

The Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company folded in 1920 primarily due to the significant influx of surplus aircraft available on the market after World War I, which depressed prices and made it difficult for new companies to compete.

When and where was the Lockheed Aircraft Company officially formed, and why was the name spelled differently from the founders' surname?

The Lockheed Aircraft Company was formed on December 13, 1926, in Hollywood, California. The name was spelled phonetically as 'Lockheed' to prevent mispronunciation of the original surname 'Loughead'.

What was the first aircraft model designed by the new Lockheed Aircraft Company, and where did the company relocate in 1928?

The first aircraft model designed by the new Lockheed Aircraft Company was the Vega Model, which utilized technology from the earlier Loughead S-1. In March 1928, the company relocated to Burbank, California.

What significant change in ownership occurred for Lockheed Aircraft Company in 1929?

In July 1929, Fred Keeler, the majority shareholder, sold 87% of the Lockheed Aircraft Company to the Detroit Aircraft Corporation. Following this, Allan Loughead resigned from the company in August 1929.

Who became the chairman of the reorganized Lockheed Aircraft Corporation in 1934, and when was the company officially renamed Lockheed Corporation?

Robert E. Gross was named chairman of the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation in 1934. The company was later renamed Lockheed Corporation in 1977, reflecting its expansion into non-aviation activities.

What was Lockheed's first aircraft built in significant numbers, and who were some of its notable pilots?

The first successful aircraft built in numbers by Lockheed was the Vega, with 141 units produced. It was famously flown by aviators such as Amelia Earhart, Wiley Post, and George Hubert Wilkins, who achieved several firsts and set records with it.

What was the Lockheed Model 10 Electra, and what historical flight is it associated with?

The Lockheed Model 10 Electra was a small, twin-engined transport aircraft developed by Lockheed in the 1930s. It is famously associated with Amelia Earhart and her navigator Fred Noonan, who flew it during their unsuccessful attempt to circumnavigate the globe in 1937.

What aircraft, developed from the Model 14 Super Electra, was supplied to the British Royal Air Force and the U.S. military before and during World War II?

The Lockheed Hudson bomber, which served primarily in a submarine hunting role, was developed from the Model 14 Super Electra. It was supplied to both the British Royal Air Force and the United States military during the lead-up to and throughout World War II.

Who was Clarence 'Kelly' Johnson, and what significant aircraft did he help design for Lockheed during World War II?

Clarence 'Kelly' Johnson was a highly regarded American aircraft designer who guided Lockheed's development of the P-38 Lightning fighter aircraft during World War II. The P-38 was a distinctive twin-engined, twin-boom design.

What made the Lockheed P-38 Lightning unique among American fighter aircraft during World War II?

The P-38 Lightning was the only American fighter aircraft that remained in production throughout the entire duration of American involvement in World War II, from the attack on Pearl Harbor to Victory over Japan Day.

What notable aerial achievement is attributed to the P-38 Lightning during World War II?

The P-38 Lightning was responsible for shooting down more Japanese aircraft than any other type used by the U.S. Army Air Forces during the war. It is particularly famous for being the aircraft type that shot down Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto's plane.

How was the Lockheed plant in Burbank, California, camouflaged during World War II?

The Lockheed plant in Burbank was camouflaged by covering the entire factory area with a large burlap tarpaulin. This covering was painted to resemble a peaceful, semi-rural neighborhood, complete with fake trees, shrubs, buildings, and even rubber automobiles to create a three-dimensional illusion.

What was Lockheed's ranking in terms of wartime production contracts during World War II?

Lockheed ranked tenth among all United States corporations for the value of its wartime production contracts during World War II.

What was the Lockheed L-049 Constellation, and what advantage did it provide Lockheed in the post-war aviation market?

The Lockheed L-049 Constellation was a radical new airliner developed in cooperation with Trans-World Airlines (TWA). Its advanced performance, capable of flying passengers at 300 mph, gave Lockheed over a year's head-start in the post-war civilian air travel market as military orders were fulfilled first.

What was the reason behind the Lockheed Constellation's distinctive tri-tail design?

The signature tri-tail design of the Lockheed Constellation was a practical solution to a customer requirement; many initial airline customers did not possess hangars tall enough to accommodate a conventional tail design.

What was the Lockheed Skunk Works, and what is its origin?

The Lockheed Skunk Works, officially known as the Advanced Development Division, was a highly secretive division within Lockheed responsible for developing cutting-edge aircraft. The name was inspired by Al Capp's comic strip 'Li'l Abner'.

What are some of the notable aircraft developed by Lockheed's Skunk Works?

Lockheed's Skunk Works is credited with developing several highly successful and innovative aircraft, including the U-2 reconnaissance plane, the SR-71 Blackbird, and the F-117 Nighthawk stealth fighter.

When did the Lockheed C-130 Hercules first fly, and what is its current status?

The Lockheed C-130 Hercules made its first flight in 1954. This durable four-engined transport aircraft remains in production even today, highlighting its enduring design and utility.

What significant missile programs did Lockheed develop starting in 1956?

Starting in 1956, Lockheed received contracts to develop the Polaris Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM), which was later followed by the Poseidon and Trident missile programs.

What was the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter recognized for in the late 1950s?

The Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, introduced in the late 1950s, was recognized as the world's first fighter jet capable of flying at Mach 2, twice the speed of sound.

What challenges did Lockheed face with the C-5 Galaxy and L-1011 TriStar projects in the 1960s?

The C-5 Galaxy project faced delays and cost overruns, compounded by vague initial requirements and structural weaknesses that Lockheed had to rectify at its own expense. The L-1011 TriStar project was hampered by delays in the development of its Rolls-Royce engines, causing it to fall behind its competitor, the McDonnell Douglas DC-10.

Why did Lockheed request a loan guarantee from the U.S. government in 1971?

In 1971, Lockheed, which was the largest U.S. defense contractor at the time, requested a government loan guarantee to avoid insolvency. The company argued that such a bailout was necessary due to its critical importance for U.S. national security.

What was the 'Lockheed Loan', and what controversy surrounded its approval?

The 'Lockheed Loan' refers to the Emergency Loan Guarantee Act signed into law on August 9, 1971, which provided a $250 million loan guarantee for Lockheed. The approval was controversial, with debates in Congress focusing on conditions like management changes and the principle of government intervention in private enterprise. Senator William Proxmire was a notable opponent.

What was the nature of the Lockheed bribery scandals that came to light in the mid-1970s?

The Lockheed bribery scandals involved illegal payments and contributions made by Lockheed officials from the late 1950s to the 1970s. A U.S. Senate subcommittee found that Lockheed board members had paid officials in foreign governments to secure contracts for military aircraft, such as the F-104 Starfighter.

What were the consequences of the Lockheed bribery scandals in the United States and internationally?

In the United States, the scandal led to the passage of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Internationally, it caused significant political controversy in countries like West Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, and Japan. The scandal also contributed to the company's financial difficulties and led to the resignation of its chairman.

Who was Harold Simmons, and what action did he take regarding Lockheed Corporation in the late 1980s?

Harold Simmons was a leveraged buyout specialist who attempted an unsuccessful takeover of the Lockheed Corporation in the late 1980s. He gradually acquired nearly 20 percent of the company's stock, partly motivated by the large overfunded pension plan.

When did Lockheed Corporation merge with Martin Marietta, and what was the name of the resulting company?

Lockheed Corporation merged with Martin Marietta on March 15, 1995. The combined entity was named Lockheed Martin.

What was the financial value of the planned merger between Lockheed and Martin Marietta?

The planned merger between Lockheed and Martin Marietta, announced in August 1994, was valued at $10 billion.

What happened to the segments of Lockheed and Martin Marietta that were not retained by the new company?

The segments of Lockheed and Martin Marietta that were not retained by the newly formed Lockheed Martin became the basis for L-3 Communications, a significant defense contractor in its own right. Martin Marietta Materials was also later spun off.

What was the significance of the Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star in aviation history?

The Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star was the United States Air Force's first operational jet fighter. It achieved the first jet-to-jet aerial kill in history during the Korean War, although it was considered obsolete by that time.

What is the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird renowned for?

The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird is renowned as a strategic reconnaissance aircraft, capable of flying at extremely high speeds and altitudes. It was developed by Lockheed's Skunk Works and first flew in 1964.

What role did the Lockheed C-130 Hercules play in global military operations?

The Lockheed C-130 Hercules serves as a primary tactical transport aircraft for numerous military forces worldwide, demonstrating exceptional durability and versatility across various operational theaters since its first flight in 1954.

What were the primary divisions of Lockheed's operations in 1984?

In 1984, Lockheed's operations were organized into several major groups: Aeronautical Systems, Missiles, Space, and Electronics Systems, Marine Systems, and Information Systems.

Which Lockheed division was responsible for the development of the U-2 and SR-71 Blackbird?

The development of advanced aircraft like the U-2 and SR-71 Blackbird was handled by Lockheed's Advanced Development Division, famously known as the Skunk Works.

What is the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor, and what was its original development context?

The Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor is an air superiority stealth fighter. Its development began in 1991 as a collaborative project involving Lockheed, General Dynamics, and Boeing.

What types of aircraft did Lockheed produce for maritime patrol and reconnaissance?

Lockheed produced several aircraft for maritime patrol and reconnaissance, including the Hudson, PV-1 Ventura and PV-2 Harpoon, P-2 Neptune, P-3 Orion, CP-140 Aurora, and the U-2/TR-1.

What were some of Lockheed's notable missile programs?

Lockheed was a key developer of strategic missile systems, including the UGM-27 Polaris, UGM-73 Poseidon, UGM-89 Perseus, and the Trident I and Trident II ballistic missiles.

What space technology products did Lockheed contribute?

Lockheed contributed to space technology with products such as the Lockheed X-7, X-17, L-301 (X-24C), Star Clipper, Corona satellites, the RM-81 Agena rocket stage, the Apollo Launch Escape System, and components for the Hubble Space Telescope.

What was the Lockheed Sea Shadow?

The Lockheed Sea Shadow was a stealth naval vessel, a technology demonstrator developed by Lockheed.

What rail vehicles did Lockheed produce, and in what capacity?

Lockheed produced rail vehicles, specifically monorails, for the Odakyu and Himeji lines in Japan, operating under the name Nihon-Lockheed Monorail in partnership with Kawasaki Heavy Industries.

Who served as President of Lockheed Corporation, and during what periods?

The Presidents of Lockheed Corporation included Lloyd Stearman (1932–1934), Robert Ellsworth Gross (1934–1956), Courtlandt Sherrington Gross (1956–1961), Daniel Jeremiah Haughton (1961–1967), Archibald Carlisle Kotchian (1967–1976), Lawrence Oscar Kitchen (1976–1986), Robert Alexander Fuhrman (1986–1988), and Daniel Michael Tellep (1988–1995).

Who held the position of Chairman of the Board at Lockheed Corporation, and during which years?

The Chairmen of the Board of Lockheed Corporation were Robert Ellsworth Gross (1933–1961), Courtlandt Sherrington Gross (1961–1967), Daniel Jeremiah Haughton (1967–1976), Robert William Haack (1976–1977), Roy Arnold Anderson (1977–1986), Lawrence Oscar Kitchen (1986–1988), and Daniel Michael Tellep (1989–1995).

What was the Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra used for, and where else was it produced?

The Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra was used as a transport aircraft, and over 100 units were license-built in Japan for the Imperial Japanese Army.

What was the Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star's distinction in jet aviation?

The Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star was the first operational jet fighter for the United States Air Force and achieved the first jet-to-jet aerial kill.

What was the purpose of the Lockheed U-2 aircraft?

The Lockheed U-2, which first flew in 1955, was designed to provide intelligence on Soviet bloc countries, functioning as a reconnaissance aircraft.

What significant event occurred in 1976 related to Lockheed's business practices?

In 1976, the Lockheed bribery scandals became public, revealing that the company had paid $22 million in bribes to foreign officials to facilitate aircraft sales, notably the F-104 Starfighter.

What was the Lockheed Corporation's headquarters location?

The Lockheed Corporation's headquarters were located in Calabasas, California.

What was the approximate number of employees at Lockheed Corporation before its merger?

Prior to its merger in 1995, Lockheed Corporation employed approximately 90,000 people.

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Lockheed: An Overview

Genesis and Foundation

The Lockheed Corporation, originally the Lockheed Aircraft Company, was established in Hollywood, California, on April 14, 1927. Founded by Allan Lockheed, Malcolm Lockheed, John Northrop, Kenneth Kay, and Fred Keeler, it was built upon technologies developed for earlier aircraft ventures. The company's initial focus was on innovative designs, quickly relocating to Burbank, California, and achieving significant sales within its first few years.

Early Growth and Challenges

Despite early successes, the Great Depression severely impacted the aviation market. The company faced bankruptcy following its acquisition by Detroit Aircraft Corporation. However, a group of investors, led by brothers Robert and Courtland Gross, successfully acquired the company out of receivership in 1932 for a modest sum, setting the stage for its resurgence under new leadership.

Corporate Evolution

Under the leadership of Robert E. Gross, who became chairman in 1934, the company was formally renamed Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. This period marked a strategic expansion and diversification, laying the groundwork for its future as a major player in the aerospace industry. The company officially became Lockheed Corporation in 1977, reflecting its broader business activities beyond aviation.

Wartime Contributions

World War II Production

Lockheed played a crucial role during World War II, producing a significant number of aircraft. The company ranked tenth in value of wartime production contracts, delivering over 19,000 aircraft. This included licensed production of the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, alongside its own designs like the Lockheed Hudson bomber and the iconic P-38 Lightning fighter.

The P-38 Lightning

The P-38 Lightning, a twin-engine, twin-boom fighter developed under the guidance of Clarence "Kelly" Johnson, was a cornerstone of Allied air power. It was the only American fighter aircraft in continuous production throughout the war and was instrumental in achieving air superiority across various theaters, famously credited with shooting down Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto's aircraft.

Camouflage and Secrecy

During the war, Lockheed's Burbank facility, responsible for P-38 production, was famously camouflaged to protect it from aerial reconnaissance. A massive tarpaulin depicted a peaceful neighborhood, complete with fake trees and buildings, creating a convincing illusion of normalcy. This strategic deception highlighted the critical nature of its wartime operations.

Post-War Innovations

The Constellation Era

In collaboration with Trans World Airlines (TWA), Lockheed developed the L-049 Constellation airliner. This advanced, four-engine aircraft, featuring a distinctive tri-tail, offered unprecedented speed and range for passenger travel, giving Lockheed a significant advantage in the post-war aviation market. Subsequent variants like the Super Constellation and Starliner further defined long-haul air transport.

Skunk Works: The Birth of Secrecy

The legendary "Skunk Works" division originated in 1939 with the P-38 Lightning project, moving to a secret facility. Led by Kelly Johnson, this group was renowned for developing advanced aircraft rapidly and with limited resources. It became synonymous with groundbreaking designs such as the U-2, SR-71 Blackbird, and the F-117 Nighthawk stealth fighter.

Enduring Designs

Lockheed's post-war portfolio included enduring military and civilian aircraft. The C-130 Hercules, a versatile four-engine turboprop transport, first flew in 1954 and remains in production today, serving diverse roles globally. The company also introduced the C-141 Starlifter jet transport and the ambitious L-1011 TriStar wide-body airliner, though the latter faced significant development challenges.

Challenges and Transformation

The Loan Guarantee Crisis

In the early 1970s, Lockheed faced severe financial difficulties due to costly projects like the C-5 Galaxy and L-1011 TriStar. The company sought a $250 million government loan guarantee to avoid insolvency. The controversial measure, passed in 1971, sparked intense debate in Congress regarding government intervention in private enterprise and the principle of "socializing losses."

Bribery Scandals

In the mid-1970s, Lockheed became embroiled in bribery scandals, revealing that company officials had paid millions in bribes to foreign officials to secure aircraft contracts. Investigations led to significant political controversy internationally and resulted in the passage of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, profoundly impacting corporate governance and accountability.

Merger into Lockheed Martin

In a landmark move for the defense industry, Lockheed Corporation merged with Martin Marietta in March 1995, forming Lockheed Martin. This $10 billion merger created one of the largest aerospace and defense companies globally. The combined entity integrated the strengths of both organizations, significantly reshaping the landscape of military technology and aerospace manufacturing.

Signature Products

Iconic Aircraft

Lockheed's product line is vast, encompassing legendary aircraft. From the early Vega and Constellation airliners to the formidable P-38 Lightning and the versatile C-130 Hercules, Lockheed aircraft have consistently pushed the boundaries of aviation technology and performance.

Advanced Programs

Beyond conventional aircraft, Lockheed excelled in advanced and classified projects. The Skunk Works division produced high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft like the U-2 and SR-71 Blackbird, alongside stealth technology pioneers such as the F-117 Nighthawk. The company also developed crucial missile systems, including the Polaris, Poseidon, and Trident.

Space and Beyond

Lockheed's expertise extended into space technology, contributing to programs like the Corona satellite reconnaissance system and the Agena rocket stage. They also played a role in the Hubble Space Telescope and developed innovative projects like the Sea Shadow experimental stealth vessel, demonstrating a broad spectrum of engineering capabilities.

Historical Timeline

Key Milestones

The Lockheed Corporation's history is marked by significant events, from its founding and early innovations to its pivotal wartime contributions and eventual merger. Understanding this timeline provides critical context for its enduring impact on the aerospace industry.

1912: Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company established.
1926: Lockheed Aircraft Company formed.
1932: Robert and Courtland Gross take control, renaming it Lockheed Aircraft Corporation.
1939: Skunk Works founded.
1941: P-38 Lightning introduced.
1954: First flight of C-130 Hercules and U-2.
1962: First flight of A-12 Blackbird.
1971: Emergency Loan Guarantee Act passed for Lockheed.
1976: Lockheed bribery scandals revealed.
1977: Renamed Lockheed Corporation.
1995: Merged with Martin Marietta to form Lockheed Martin.

Leadership Pillars

Presidents

The company's trajectory was shaped by visionary leaders. Key figures who served as President include Allan Lockheed, Robert E. Gross, Courtlandt S. Gross, and Daniel M. Tellep, each contributing to the company's strategic direction and operational success through various eras.

Lloyd Stearman (1932–1934)
Robert Ellsworth Gross (1934–1956)
Courtlandt Sherrington Gross (1956–1961)
Daniel Jeremiah Haughton (1961–1967)
Archibald Carlisle Kotchian (1967–1976)
Lawrence Oscar Kitchen (1976–1986)
Robert Alexander Fuhrman (1986–1988)
Daniel Michael Tellep (1988–1995)

Board Chairmen

The Chairmanship of the Board provided strategic oversight and governance. Robert E. Gross and Courtlandt S. Gross held these roles during critical periods of growth and transformation, followed by leaders like Daniel J. Haughton and Daniel M. Tellep, guiding the corporation through its most significant challenges and achievements.

Robert Ellsworth Gross (1933–1961)
Courtlandt Sherrington Gross (1961–1967)
Daniel Jeremiah Haughton (1967–1976)
Robert William Haack (1976–1977)
Roy Arnold Anderson (1977–1986)
Lawrence Oscar Kitchen (1986–1988)
Daniel Michael Tellep (1989–1995)

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References

Lockheed Corporation 10-K Annual Report Filing to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

History and Culture - The River Project

"World War II-Lockheed Burbank Aircraft Plant Camouflage." Amazing Posts, August 16, 2008.

"California Becomes a Giant Movie Set." Flat Rock, July 16, 2009.

Baugher, Joe. "Lockheed P-80/F-80 Shooting Star." USAF Fighter, July 16, 1999. Retrieved: June 11, 2011.

Richard W. Stevenson, "Simmons Is Considering Possible Lockheed Bid", The New York Times, February 1990.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Lockheed Corporation Wikipedia page

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This is not professional advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional aerospace engineering, business strategy, or historical consultation. Always refer to official documentation and consult with qualified professionals for specific needs. Never disregard professional advice because of something you have read on this website.

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Aeronautical Ascendancy

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Lockheed: An Overview 🚀

🏢 Genesis and Foundation

📈 Early Growth and Challenges

📜 Corporate Evolution

Wartime Contributions 🎖️

✈️ World War II Production

🛡️ The P-38 Lightning

🤫 Camouflage and Secrecy

Post-War Innovations 💡

🌟 The Constellation Era

🤫 Skunk Works: The Birth of Secrecy

💪 Enduring Designs

Challenges and Transformation 💰

🆘 The Loan Guarantee Crisis

⚖️ Bribery Scandals

🤝 Merger into Lockheed Martin

Signature Products ✈️

🛩️ Iconic Aircraft

🚀 Advanced Programs

🛰️ Space and Beyond

Historical Timeline 🗓️

⏳ Key Milestones

Leadership Pillars 🧑‍✈️

👨‍💼 Presidents

👑 Board Chairmen

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Lockheed: An Overview

Genesis and Foundation

Early Growth and Challenges

Corporate Evolution

Wartime Contributions

World War II Production

The P-38 Lightning

Camouflage and Secrecy

Post-War Innovations

The Constellation Era

Skunk Works: The Birth of Secrecy

Enduring Designs

Challenges and Transformation

The Loan Guarantee Crisis

Bribery Scandals

Merger into Lockheed Martin

Signature Products

Iconic Aircraft

Advanced Programs

Space and Beyond

Historical Timeline

Key Milestones

Leadership Pillars

Presidents

Board Chairmen

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice