What are new media technologies, and how do they differ from traditional mass media?

New media are communication technologies that enable or enhance interaction between users, and between users and content. Unlike old media, which primarily operated on a "one-to-many" mass communication model, new media facilitate a "many-to-many" web of communication, allowing individuals to create and share their own content.

When did the term "new media" gain widespread usage, and what was its initial context?

The term "new media" became widely used in the mid-1990s, initially as part of a sales pitch for interactive CD-ROMs used for entertainment and education.

According to Lev Manovich, what is the fundamental characteristic of new media in terms of data and software?

Lev Manovich suggests that new media are essentially digital data controlled by software. This means that all cultural objects relying on digital representation and computer-based delivery share common qualities, and the media can be manipulated by software, allowing for multiple versions of the same object.

How does the concept of "the medium is the message" relate to new media theory?

Marshall McLuhan's famous declaration, "the medium is the message," highlights how the communication technology itself, rather than just its content, significantly influences human experience and society. New media, by their very nature, embody this principle by refashioning traditional media and being refashioned by older media in response.

What types of media are generally *not* considered new media, even if they are digital?

Broadcast television programs, non-interactive news websites, feature films, magazines, and books are typically not considered new media unless they incorporate technologies that enable digital generative or interactive processes.

What historical period saw the beginnings of connections between computing and art, and who was instrumental in bringing personal computing to individuals?

Connections between computing and radical art began to grow stronger in the 1950s. Alan Kay and his colleagues at Xerox PARC were instrumental in the 1980s for giving the computability of a personal computer to the individual, shifting away from large organizational control.

How did the Cold War and the design of the World Wide Web coincide, according to the text?

The text notes that while causally unrelated, the Cold War and the design of the Web occurred during the same period in the late 1980s and early 1990s, suggesting a conceptual parallel in social changes and computer design.

What are the key ways W. Russell Neuman suggests new media will alter communication and society?

W. Russell Neuman argues that new media will alter the meaning of geographic distance, significantly increase the volume and speed of communication, provide opportunities for interactive communication, and allow previously separate forms of communication to overlap and interconnect.

What contrasting views do scholars like Douglas Kellner and Edward S. Herman/Robert McChesney present regarding the societal impact of new media?

Douglas Kellner and James Bohman suggest new media, particularly the internet, offer potential for a democratic public sphere with informed, non-hierarchical debate. Conversely, Edward S. Herman and Robert McChesney argue that the transition to new media has empowered a few transnational telecommunications corporations with unprecedented global influence.

What is "displacement theory" in the context of new media, and what is its predicted outcome for traditional media?

Displacement theory posits that the consumption of one medium reduces the time spent on another. Applied to new media, it suggests that the internet's introduction reduces time spent on "old" media, potentially leading to the demise of traditional media forms.

According to Lev Manovich's propositions, what does it mean for new media to be "digital data controlled by software"?

This proposition means that all cultural objects utilizing digital representation and computer-based delivery share common characteristics. They are reducible to digital data that software can manipulate, allowing for the creation of multiple versions or alterations of the same object, such as image manipulation through algorithms.

How does Lev Manovich connect new media to modernist avant-garde movements?

Manovich suggests that new media can be seen as an encoding of modernist avant-garde ideas, particularly those from the 1920s. He posits that new media avant-garde focuses on new ways of accessing and manipulating information, and that metamedia (a concept related to new media) recodes modernist aesthetics into a postmodern aesthetic through technological advancements.

What is the core difference between "cyberculture" and "new media" as defined by Lev Manovich?

Manovich differentiates "cyberculture" as the social phenomena tied to the internet and network communications (like blogs and online gaming), while "new media" refers more broadly to cultural objects and paradigms that employ digital computer technology for distribution and exhibition (like smartphones or digital television).

How did Ronald E. Rice define new media in 1984, and what communication model does this definition challenge?

In 1984, Ronald E. Rice defined new media as communication technologies that enable or facilitate user-to-user interactivity and interactivity between a user and information. This definition challenges the traditional "one-to-many" mass communication model by introducing the possibility of a "many-to-many" web of communication.

What is Vin Crosbie's classification of communication media, and where does he place new media?

Vin Crosbie classifies communication media into three types: interpersonal media ("one to one"), mass media ("one to many"), and new media, which he terms "individuation" media or "many to many."

Can traditional media forms like broadcast television or books be considered new media? If so, under what conditions?

Generally, broadcast television, non-interactive news websites, feature films, magazines, and books are not considered new media. However, they can be considered new media if they incorporate technologies that enable digital generative or interactive processes.

What is the significance of GIFs in the context of new media and social interaction, according to Miltner and Highfield?

Miltner and Highfield describe GIFs as "polysemic," meaning they can represent multiple meanings within cultures and are particularly useful for creating affective or emotional connections between people, fostering a sense of shared meaning and culture.

How has new media contributed to globalization, according to Terry Flew and Frances Cairncross?

Terry Flew states that as new technologies develop, the world becomes more globalized, connecting people regardless of distance. Frances Cairncross describes this phenomenon as the "death of distance," emphasizing how new media makes physical location less significant for social relationships.

What are "virtual communities," and how do they relate to new media and globalization?

Virtual communities are groups established online that transcend geographical boundaries, allowing individuals to connect, interact, and form relationships irrespective of physical location. They are a direct product of new media technologies and exemplify the globalized nature of modern communication.

What is "soft determinism" in the context of technology and society, as discussed by Manuel Castells?

Manuel Castells' concept of "soft determinism" suggests that technology does not solely determine society, nor does society dictate technological change. Instead, the outcome results from a complex interaction between individual inventiveness, entrepreneurialism, societal factors, and the tools themselves, implying that technology and society are deeply intertwined.

How do Manovich and Castells contrast the logic of mass media with that of new media in relation to society?

Manovich and Castells argue that mass media aligned with the logic of industrial society, valuing conformity. In contrast, new media follow the logic of post-industrial or globalized society, where individuals can construct custom lifestyles and ideologies, and marketing targets individuals rather than a mass audience.

What is "griefing" in the context of virtual communities like Second Life?

"Griefing" in Second Life refers to the act of intentionally upsetting another user during their experience within the game, mirroring negative social behaviors found in the real world.

What did Daniel Miller and Don Slater's ethnographic studies of online Trinidad culture reveal about new media's impact on identity?

Their studies indicated that while internet culture exists and connects people globally, it does not eliminate people's connection to their geographic area or national identity. The focus on Trini culture showed how cultural values and beliefs are represented online while maintaining a connection to identity.

How have social movements, such as the Zapatistas or the WTO protests, utilized new media?

Social movements have used new media extensively for communiques, organizing, educating participants, sharing cultural products, coalition building, and serving as alternative media sources. The Zapatistas in 1994 and the WTO protests in 1999 are cited as significant early examples.

What is "Indymedia," and what role did it play in the democratization of information?

The Indymedia movement emerged from the WTO protests of 1999 and is described as a tool for the democratization of information. It challenged dominant media narratives by providing alternative news sources and empowering citizen journalism.

What are some of the criticisms or skeptical views regarding the role of new media in social movements?

Some scholars are skeptical about new media's effectiveness, pointing to unequal access as a hindrance and potential oppressor within movements. Others question how truly democratic or useful it is, even for those with access.

How did the Ice Bucket Challenge leverage new media for social change and fundraising?

The Ice Bucket Challenge used social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter to nominate participants, spread awareness, and encourage donations for ALS research. The tagging feature facilitated rapid viral spread, leading to significant fundraising increases.

What is a "meme" in the context of the internet, and how might it be used for social change, according to Ryan Milner?

A meme is an idea replicated and passed along, often combining pictures and texts. Ryan Milner compares memes to a tool for social change, suggesting they can make serious conversations less tense while still conveying the situation effectively, representing a form of "pop polyvocality."

How has the music industry been transformed by new media technologies, from early formats to streaming?

The music industry has seen continuous transformation, moving from shellac records to LPs, cassettes, 8-tracks, CDs, and MP3s. New media platforms initially threatened the industry with piracy (e.g., Napster) but now facilitate widespread consumption through streaming services like Spotify and Apple Music.

What is "electronic literature," and how is it connected to new media?

Electronic literature, often called "New Media literature," comprises literary works that require active reader participation and are based on new media practices and affordances. It is intertwined with new media technologies and art forms.

According to Terry Flew, what is the significance of the global interactive games industry in relation to new media?

Terry Flew argues that the global interactive games industry is substantial and growing, positioning it at the forefront of many significant innovations within new media.

How do new media technologies, like those used in virtual worlds such as Second Life, impact social interaction and community?

New media platforms like Second Life allow users to establish relationships and experience a sense of belonging that transcends traditional temporal and spatial boundaries. They create virtual realities that can serve as extensions of the real world, offering users significant control over their virtual experiences.

What concerns does the text raise about new media's role in national security?

New media is of interest to espionage communities because it is easily accessible electronically and can be retrieved for dossier creation. Platforms like Facebook and Twitter are noted for individuals freely divulging personal information that can be archived. Additionally, some communities view new media as a tool for "peaceful evolution" that could erode national values and compromise security.

What trends did the Kaiser Family Foundation study reveal about young people's media consumption?

The Kaiser Family Foundation study found that young people, particularly Black and Hispanic youth, were spending dramatically more time with entertainment media, averaging over 7.5 hours daily, often engaging in media multitasking.

How has the rise of smartphones, like the iPhone, affected social interaction and individual behavior?

The text suggests that smartphones, such as the iPhone, can create an inability to be in social isolation and potentially harm relationships. It notes that people may show similar emotional attachments to their phones as they do to human relationships, sometimes spending more time on their phones than interacting with people present.

In what ways has the advertising and marketing industry capitalized on new media?

The advertising industry has established large agencies with multimillion-dollar interactive advertising subsidiaries. They use interactive websites and kiosks, and advertising agencies have created new divisions to study new media, leveraging the internet for two-way dialogue with consumers.

What are the realities of working in the new media industry, contrary to the popular stereotype?

Contrary to the "techy millionaire" stereotype, workers in the new media field often face tiresome, project-based work with unstable jobs. They frequently work on multiple projects simultaneously for low pay, spending significant time seeking new contracts, and endure long hours for little compensation.

How has new media impacted political campaigning in the United States, particularly since the 2008 election?

Since the 2008 presidential campaign, new media has significantly impacted elections. Campaigns now develop targeted messages for specific audiences across social media platforms, use digital strategies for voter outreach, and engage voters through connected websites, email, and text messages.

What is the dual role of the internet in political participation, according to Taewoo Nam's research?

Taewoo Nam's research suggests the internet acts as both a mobilizer, encouraging participation from those usually uninvolved, and a reinforcer, strengthening the political engagement of individuals already active offline.

How does Terri Towner's research suggest new media influences political participation among young people?

Terri Towner's research indicates that attention to new media increases offline and online political participation, especially for young people. Campaign websites, social media, and blogs are identified as particularly important for fostering political involvement among this demographic.

What is "deliberation" in the context of online political discussion, according to Halpern and Gibbs?

Halpern and Gibbs define deliberation as a set of communicative behaviors that promote thorough discussion, where individuals carefully weigh the reasons for and against propositions presented by others.

What ethical considerations arise when researchers study social media websites (SMWs)?

Researchers face challenges regarding privacy risks unique to social media. Standard Institutional Review Board (IRB) procedures offer little guidance, and determining what constitutes public versus private information, especially with user-adjustable privacy settings, presents ethical dilemmas.

Under what conditions might observational research on social media *not* be considered human subjects research?

Observational research may not be considered human subjects research if access to the social media site is public, the information is not considered private, and the gathering procedures do not require interaction with the poster. It can also be exempt if disclosure of responses outside the research does not subject the participant to civic or criminal liability, reputational damage, or harm to employability or financial standing.

What is "interactive research" in the context of social media, and what ethical debate surrounds it?

Interactive research occurs when a researcher needs to access content not publicly available, such as sending a friend request or following a user. The ethical debate centers on whether such actions violate a user's expectation of privacy, though some argue that "friending" or "following" constitutes a "loose tie" relationship, not establishing a strong expectation of privacy.

What challenges do researchers face in conducting survey and interview research online, particularly concerning informed consent and confidentiality?

Online research makes it difficult to observe participant reactions to the informed consent process. Additionally, publishing direct quotes from participants, even if provided online, could expose them to identification via search engines, raising concerns about confidentiality.

How does the concept of "new media" relate to "cyberculture" according to Lev Manovich?

Lev Manovich differentiates "new media" from "cyberculture." Cyberculture encompasses the social phenomena tied to the internet and network communications (like blogs and online gaming), while new media refers more broadly to cultural objects and paradigms that employ digital computer technology for distribution and exhibition (like smartphones or digital television).

What is the "many-to-many" communication model, and how does it contrast with traditional mass media?

The "many-to-many" communication model, facilitated by new media, allows any individual with appropriate technology to produce and share their own online media content. This contrasts with the traditional "one-to-many" mass communication model, where a single source broadcasts to a large audience.

What is Lev Manovich's proposition regarding new media as a "mix between existing cultural conventions and the conventions of software"?

This proposition suggests that new media blend older conventions for data representation, access, and manipulation with newer, software-driven conventions. While older data often represents reality and human experience, newer data is numerical, and software can be delegated creative decisions, leading to hybrid forms like computer animation integrated into film.

How do GIFs function as a form of communication in new media, according to Miltner and Highfield?

Miltner and Highfield describe GIFs as "polysemic," meaning they carry multiple meanings within cultures. They are particularly effective for conveying emotions and creating affective connections between people, serving as a nuanced form of digital communication.

What is the "death of distance" concept in relation to new media and globalization?

Coined by Frances Cairncross, the "death of distance" refers to how new media technologies have reduced the significance of geographical separation, enabling global communication and connection that transcends physical boundaries and makes location less critical for social relationships.

What are some examples of "old media" that have been transformed by digital technologies?

Traditional media forms like printing presses have been transformed through the application of technologies such as image manipulation software (e.g., Adobe Photoshop) and desktop publishing tools. Digital television and online publications also represent the transformation of older media formats.

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Defining New Media

Communication Technologies

New media encompasses communication technologies that facilitate enhanced interaction between users, and between users and content. Emerging prominently in the mid-1990s, the term initially described the rise of interactive CD-ROMs but has since evolved to encompass a broad spectrum of web-based communication tools.

Digital and Interactive Focus

At its core, new media refers to computational media distributed online and accessed via computers. Unlike traditional broadcast media, new media is characterized by its digital nature and its capacity for interactivity, distinguishing it from older, one-way communication models.

Evolution, Not Replacement

New media does not simply replace older forms; rather, it refashions them and is itself refashioned by them in a complex network of feedback loops. This dynamic interplay highlights the continuous evolution of media landscapes rather than a linear succession.

Historical Trajectory

Early Conceptualization

While connections between computing and art emerged in the 1950s, the conceptual groundwork for personal computing and interactive media was laid by figures like Alan Kay at Xerox PARC in the 1980s. The parallel development of the Cold War and the internet's design in the late 80s and early 90s is noted as a significant conceptual correlation.

McLuhan's Influence

Marshall McLuhan's seminal work, particularly his declaration that "the medium is the message," profoundly influenced media theory. His insights emphasized the impact of media technologies themselves, independent of their content, on human experience and societal structures.

Transition to Digital

The late 20th and early 21st centuries witnessed a rapid shift from analog broadcast media (print, radio, television) to digital technologies like the internet and video games. Even traditional media, such as print, have been transformed by digital tools like image manipulation software.

The Core of Interactivity

Redefining Communication

Interactivity, a defining characteristic of new media, shifts communication from a "one-to-many" mass model to a "many-to-many" web. This enables individuals to produce and share their own media, fostering a participatory environment.

Scholars like Ronald E. Rice and Vin Crosbie have categorized media based on interactivity:

Interpersonal Media: One-to-one communication.
Mass Media: One-to-many communication.
New Media: Many-to-many communication, enabling individuation and broad participation.

While interactivity is central, not all digitized media are inherently interactive; it remains a key, though not universal, feature.

Interactive Platforms

Interactive elements are prominent in various new media forms, from video games to social platforms like YouTube and Facebook. The evolution of formats like GIFs demonstrates how simple digital elements can become powerful tools for cultural expression and emotional connection.

Interactivity manifests in diverse ways:

Video Games: Offering immersive, user-driven experiences.
Social Media Platforms: Facilitating user-generated content, comments, and sharing (e.g., YouTube, Facebook).
Digital Art: Enabling user engagement and manipulation.
GIFs: Serving as polysemic cultural artifacts that convey complex meanings and emotions.

Global Connectivity

Bridging Distances

New media technologies, particularly the internet, have significantly increased global communication and connectivity, leading commentators like Frances Cairncross to describe it as the "death of distance." This allows for the formation of communities and relationships that transcend geographical boundaries.

Social Relationships

The rise of virtual communities and social networking sites allows individuals to connect with like-minded people worldwide, often prioritizing digital interactions over physical proximity. This reshapes social structures and personal identity formation.

Public Sphere Transformation

New media alters the concept of the "public sphere," potentially decentralizing communication from traditional national institutions. While some scholars envision a more democratic, participatory public discourse, others caution that a few powerful corporations exert significant global influence, raising concerns about media ownership and control.

Diverse Applications

Social Change

New media has become a vital tool for social movements, enabling education, organization, and coalition-building. Early adopters like the Zapatista movement and the WTO protests of 1999 demonstrated its power in disseminating information and mobilizing action, contributing to the democratization of discourse.

Music Industry

The music industry has been profoundly reshaped by new media, evolving from physical formats like shellac and vinyl to digital distribution via MP3s and streaming platforms. While this transition brought challenges like piracy, it has also increased music accessibility and consumption exponentially.

Electronic Literature

New media provides novel platforms for literary creation and consumption, often referred to as "New Media literature" or "electronic literature." This genre frequently requires active reader participation and integrates digital affordances, blurring the lines between literature, art, and technology.

Gaming

The interactive games industry is at the forefront of new media innovation. Massively multiplayer online games (MMOs) like World of Warcraft and virtual worlds such as Second Life exemplify how new media creates immersive virtual realities that foster social connection and allow for self-expression, extending real-world experiences.

Challenges and Considerations

National Security

New media platforms are of significant interest to espionage communities due to the ease of electronic data retrieval and analysis. Social media sites, in particular, are monitored for personal information that can be archived to create dossiers, raising concerns about privacy and national security.

Youth and Digital Literacy

Young people exhibit dramatically increased media consumption, often engaging in media multitasking. While new media offers educational opportunities, concerns exist regarding underage usage of social platforms and the development of digital literacy skills for safe online engagement. Parental mediation is increasingly important.

Studies indicate high media usage among youth, with significant engagement in social networking and texting. The pervasive nature of smartphones also raises questions about their impact on social isolation and interpersonal relationships.

Ethical Research Concerns

Researching new media presents ethical challenges, particularly concerning user privacy on social media platforms. Determining what constitutes "human subjects" research and ensuring informed consent require careful consideration of public versus private data and the potential for identification.

Further Exploration

Related Concepts

The study of new media intersects with numerous fields, including digital humanities, communication theory, and cultural studies. Understanding these related disciplines provides a broader context for analyzing the impact and evolution of digital technologies.

Authority Control

Academic and archival resources often utilize authority control systems to standardize information. These systems help in cataloging and retrieving knowledge related to concepts like new media across various databases.

GND: German National Library
BnF data: Bibliothèque nationale de France
Yale LUX: Yale University Library

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References

Schorr, A & Schenk, M & Campbell, W (2003),Communication Research and Media Science in Europe, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, p. 57

Croteau, David & Hoynes, William (2003) Media Society: Industries, Images and Audiences (3rd ed.), Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks, p. 303

Rafaeli, Sheizaf (1988). "Interactivity: From new media to communication". Beverly Hills, CA. p. 110.

Rafaeli, Sheizaf & Ariel, Yaron (2007), "Assessing Interactivity in Computer-Mediated Research". In: A.N Joinson, K.Y.A McKenna., T. Postmes & U-D. Reips (Eds). The Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology. Oxford University Press

Flew, Terry (2002), New Media: An Introduction, Oxford University Press, UK, p. 13

Miltner, Kate M., and Highfield, Tim. (2017) Never gonna GIF you up: Analyzing the cultural significance of the animated GIF. Social Media and Society 3(3): 1-11.

Volkmer, Ingrid (1999) News in the Global Sphere. A Study of CNN and its impact on Global Communication, Luton: University of Luton Press.

Durham, M & Kellner, Douglas (2001) Media and Cultural Studies Keyworks, Malden, Ma and Oxford, UK, Blackwell Publishing

McLuhan, Marshall (1962) The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul

Manovich, Lev (2001) The Language of New Media MIT Press, Cambridge and London

Chaper 7 from Boellstorff, Tom. (2008).Coming of Age in Second Life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Atton, Chris "Reshaping Social Movement Media for a New Millennium." Social Movement Studies, 2, (2003)

Preston, Paschal "Reshaping Communications: Technology, Information and Social Change," London: Sage, 2001

Wasserman, Herman, "Is a New Worldwide Web Possible? An Explorative Comparison of the Use of ICTs by Two South African Social Movements," African Studies Review, Volume 50, Number 1 (April 2007), pp. 109â131

Marmura, Stephen, "A net advantage? The Internet, grassroots activism and American Middle-Eastern Policy," New Media Society 2008; 10; 247

Rideout V, Foehr U, Roberts D. Generation M2: Media in the lives o 8- to 18- year olds. January 2010, http://www.kff.org/entmedia/upload/8010.pdf.

Nam, T. (2012). Dual effects on the internet on political activism: Reinforcing and mobilizing. Government Information Quarterly, S90âS97.

Towner, T. L. (2013). All Political Participation is Socially Networked? New Media and the 2012 Election. Social Science Computer Review, 00(0), 1â15.

Halpern, D., & Gibbs, J. (2013). Social media as a catalyst for online deliberation? Exploring the affordances of Facebook and YouTube for political expression. Computers in Human Behavior, 1159â1168.

A full list of references for this article are available at the New media Wikipedia page

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This is not professional advice. The information provided does not constitute expert consultation in media studies, technology, or communication. Always refer to primary sources and consult with qualified academics or professionals for in-depth analysis or specific guidance.

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The Digital Tapestry

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Defining New Media ℹ️

💻 Communication Technologies

🌐 Digital and Interactive Focus

🔄 Evolution, Not Replacement

Historical Trajectory ⏳

💡 Early Conceptualization

🗣️ McLuhan's Influence

🚀 Transition to Digital

The Core of Interactivity 🎛️

💬 Redefining Communication

🎮 Interactive Platforms

Global Connectivity 🌍

🔗 Bridging Distances

👥 Social Relationships

🏛️ Public Sphere Transformation

Diverse Applications 🛠️

✊ Social Change

🎵 Music Industry

📚 Electronic Literature

🕹️ Gaming

Challenges and Considerations ⚠️

🛡️ National Security

🧑‍💻 Youth and Digital Literacy

⚖️ Ethical Research Concerns

Further Exploration 🔗

📚 Related Concepts

🏛️ Authority Control

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 References

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Defining New Media

Communication Technologies

Digital and Interactive Focus

Evolution, Not Replacement

Historical Trajectory

Early Conceptualization

McLuhan's Influence

Transition to Digital

The Core of Interactivity

Redefining Communication

Interactive Platforms

Global Connectivity

Bridging Distances

Social Relationships

Public Sphere Transformation

Diverse Applications

Social Change

Music Industry

Electronic Literature

Gaming

Challenges and Considerations

National Security

Youth and Digital Literacy

Ethical Research Concerns

Further Exploration

Related Concepts

Authority Control

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice