What are the alternative names for the Red River of the North?

The Red River of the North is also known simply as the Red River, or in French, as *rivière Rouge* or *rivière Rouge du Nord*. The addition "of the North" helps distinguish it from another Red River located in the southern part of the continent.

Which countries, U.S. states, and Canadian province does the Red River of the North flow through?

The Red River of the North flows through the United States and Canada. Within the U.S., it passes through Minnesota and North Dakota, and in Canada, it flows through the province of Manitoba.

What are some of the major cities located along the Red River of the North?

Significant urban areas situated along the Red River of the North include Fargo, North Dakota; Moorhead, Minnesota; Grand Forks, North Dakota; East Grand Forks, Minnesota; Winnipeg, Manitoba; and Selkirk, Manitoba.

Where does the Red River of the North originate, and what is its elevation at that point?

The Red River of the North originates at the confluence, or meeting point, of the Bois de Sioux River and the Otter Tail River. This origin is located near Wahpeton, North Dakota, at an elevation of 948 feet (289 meters).

Where does the Red River of the North empty, and what is its elevation at its mouth?

The Red River of the North empties into Lake Winnipeg, which is a large, relatively shallow lake in Manitoba, Canada. At its mouth, the river's elevation is 712 feet (217 meters).

What is the total length of the Red River of the North, and how is it divided between the United States and Canada?

The Red River of the North is approximately 885 kilometers (550 miles) long. About 635 kilometers (395 miles) of its length are within the United States, while the remaining 255 kilometers (158 miles) are in Canada.

What is the size of the Red River of the North's drainage basin?

The drainage basin of the Red River of the North covers an area of 111,004 square miles (287,500 square kilometers). A drainage basin, also known as a watershed, is an area of land where all precipitation drains into a common outlet, such as a river or lake.

What are the average, minimum, and maximum discharge rates of the Red River of the North at Lockport, Manitoba?

At Lockport, Manitoba, which is located 20 miles (32 km) above the river's mouth, the Red River of the North has an average discharge of 8,617 cubic feet per second (244.0 cubic meters per second). Its minimum discharge recorded is 491 cubic feet per second (13.9 cubic meters per second), and its maximum discharge is 152,900 cubic feet per second (4,330 cubic meters per second).

Which larger river system does the Red River of the North belong to?

The Red River of the North is part of the Nelson River system. The Nelson River ultimately carries the waters from Lake Winnipeg, and thus from the Red River, into Hudson Bay.

What are the main left and right tributaries of the Red River of the North?

The main left tributaries of the Red River of the North include the Bois de Sioux River, Wild Rice River (North Dakota), Sheyenne River, Elm River, Turtle River, Pembina River, and Assiniboine River. The main right tributaries are the Otter Tail River, Buffalo River, Wild Rice River (Minnesota), Red Lake River, Roseau River, and Seine River.

How is the Red River of the North distinguished from other rivers with similar names?

The Red River is specifically called the "Red River of the North" to differentiate it from the Red River located in the southern part of the North American continent.

What is the total elevation drop of the Red River of the North from its source to Lake Winnipeg?

On its journey to Lake Winnipeg, the Red River of the North falls a total of 70 meters (230 feet).

What is Netley Marsh, and where is it located?

Netley Marsh is a vast deltaic wetland formed by the mouth of the Red River of the North as it spreads into Lake Winnipeg. It is part of a larger 26,000-hectare (64,000-acre) wetland system, with Netley Marsh to the west of the Red River and Libau Marsh to the east.

What special designation has the Red River of the North received in Canada?

The Red River of the North has been designated a Canadian Heritage River, recognizing its natural, cultural, and recreational significance.

What was the historical significance of the Red River watershed to the Hudson's Bay Company?

The Red River watershed was a part of Rupert's Land, a vast territory granted to the British Hudson's Bay Company. The Red River itself served as a crucial trade route for the company, playing a role in the settlement of British North America.

Which groups historically used the Red River as a trade route before British control?

Before the British took over French possessions in Canada after the Seven Years' War, the Red River was extensively used by fur traders, including the French and the Métis people, who had established a community in the area.

How did the Red River contribute to the development of Winnipeg, Manitoba?

Settlers of the Red River Colony established farming along the river, and their primary settlement eventually grew into Winnipeg, the capital of Manitoba. The river's role as a trade route and its fertile valley were key to this development.

What were the Red River Trails, and what was their purpose?

The Red River Trails were a network of oxcart trails developed in the nineteenth century, primarily by the Métis people. These trails supported the fur trade and the settlements along the Red River, contributing to the region's development on both sides of what would become the international border.

At what point does the Red River of the North cross the Canada–United States border?

The Red River of the North crosses the Canada–United States border just before it reaches the town of Emerson, Manitoba.

Where is "The Forks" located, and what is its significance?

The Forks is a point in Manitoba's capital, Winnipeg, where the Red River of the North converges with the Assiniboine River. This confluence has historical significance as a meeting and trading place.

What endorheic basin does the Red River, along with the Assiniboine River, enclose?

Together with the Assiniboine River, the Red River fully encloses the endorheic basin of Devils' Lake and Stump Lake. An endorheic basin is a closed drainage basin that retains water and allows no outflow to other external bodies of water, such as rivers or oceans.

What is the ultimate drainage path of the Red River of the North's waters?

The Red River of the North drains into Lake Winnipeg, which then drains through the Nelson River into Hudson Bay. This makes it part of the larger Hudson Bay watershed.

What is the typical frost-free season in the Red River Valley of Southern Manitoba?

Southern Manitoba's Red River Valley typically experiences a frost-free season lasting between 120 and 140 days per year.

What geological feature does the Red River of the North flow across?

The Red River of the North flows across the flat lake bed of the ancient glacial Lake Agassiz. This enormous glacial lake was formed by meltwaters from the Laurentide Ice Sheet at the end of the Wisconsin glaciation.

How did the soils of the Red River Valley form?

The soils of the Red River Valley are lacustrine soils, meaning they are parent soils that precipitated to the bottom of the ancient glacial Lake Agassiz over thousands of years as the continental glacier decayed and its meltwaters formed the lake.

Why is the term "valley" considered a misnomer for the Red River Valley?

The term "valley" is a misnomer because while the Red River drains the region, it did not create a valley wider than a few hundred feet. The much wider floodplain is actually the ancient lake bed of Lake Agassiz, not a river-carved valley.

What is the gradient of the Red River of the North from its origin to the international border?

From its origin near Breckenridge, Minnesota, to the international border near Emerson, Manitoba, the Red River of the North has a remarkably flat gradient of only about 1:5000, which is approximately 1 meter per 5 kilometers or 1 foot per mile.

Why does the Red River of the North meander and experience "overland flooding"?

Due to its slow flow and small size in most seasons, the Red River does not possess enough energy to cut a deep gorge. Instead, it meanders across the silty bottomlands. This flat topography means that high water has nowhere to go but to spread across the old lakebed, resulting in "overland flooding."

What factors contribute to catastrophic floods on the Red River of the North?

Catastrophic floods on the Red River are caused by heavy snows or rains, especially when the soil is saturated or frozen. These floods are often exacerbated by the fact that snowmelt typically begins in the warmer southern regions and flows northward, where it can be dammed or slowed by ice.

What is the effect of periodic floods on the Red River Valley's geology?

Periodic floods on the Red River have the effect of partially refilling the ancient lake bed of Lake Agassiz, contributing to the unique geological characteristics of the Red River Valley.

What are the primary causes of floods in the Red River?

Floods in the Red River occur when the water level rises above the riverbanks due to significant and prolonged precipitation, which can take the form of persistent thunderstorms, rain, or snow, often combined with spring snowmelt and ice jams.

Which major floods have occurred in the Red River in historic times?

Major floods in the Red River's recorded history include those in 1826, 1897, 1950, 1997, 2009, and 2011, with many other significant floods occurring in between these years.

What are "paleofloods" in the context of the Red River Basin?

"Paleofloods" refer to floods that occurred in prehistoric times, for which geologists have found evidence through their effects on local landforms. These ancient floods were often of equal or greater magnitude than recorded historical floods and have been a subject of scholarly study.

What was Manitoba's response to the disastrous 1950 Red River flood?

Following the devastating 1950 flood, which caused extensive damage in Winnipeg, the province of Manitoba constructed the Red River Floodway. This project diverts floodwaters around the city to less populated areas downstream, aiming to prevent similar damage in the future.

Which cities were most severely affected by the 1997 Red River flood?

The cities of Grand Forks, North Dakota, and East Grand Forks, Minnesota, suffered the most extensive damage during the 1997 Red River flood, leading to the evacuation of most of their populations.

What was the water level of the Red River at Fargo-Moorhead during the 2023 spring flood, as depicted in the source material?

The source material includes an image caption referencing the Red River in Fargo-Moorhead during the 2023 spring flood, where the water level reached 29.5 feet (9.0 meters), which was just below the threshold for a major flood.

What was the highest level the Red River reached in Winnipeg during the 1950 flood?

On May 8, 1950, the Red River reached its highest level in Winnipeg since 1861 during the 1950 flood.

What were the consequences of the 1950 Red River flood in Winnipeg?

During the 1950 flood, eight dikes protecting Winnipeg failed, inundating 1,600 square kilometers (600 square miles) of farmland and flooding much of the city. Nearly 70,000 people were evacuated, four of eleven city bridges were destroyed, and damages were estimated between $900 million and $1 billion.

What was the initial perception of the Red River Floodway, and how has it performed since its completion?

Upon its completion in 1968, the Red River Floodway around Winnipeg was initially met with some derision, with some people believing it was massively overbuilt. However, it was completed under-budget and has been utilized for flood control at least 20 times in its first 37 years, saving an estimated CA$10 billion in flood damages.

What was the crest level of the Red River in Grand Forks-East Grand Forks during the 1997 flood?

During the 1997 Red River flood, the river crested at more than 54 feet (16 meters) above datum in Grand Forks-East Grand Forks.

What flood protection measures were implemented in Grand Forks and East Grand Forks after the 1997 flood?

After the 1997 flood, Grand Forks and East Grand Forks collaborated with FEMA and the state of Minnesota to clear the river's floodplains, prohibiting future construction. They established the Greater Grand Forks Greenway, featuring parks, a bike trail, and recreational amenities designed to absorb floodwaters. Additionally, a dike system was built outside this area to protect the cities, and a removable flood wall was constructed in downtown East Grand Forks to maintain river access.

How did Winnipeg fare during the 1997 Red River flood compared to Grand Forks?

During the 1997 flood, the Red River crested in Winnipeg at 24.5 feet (7.5 meters) above datum at the James Avenue pumping station, making it the third-highest flood in recorded history for the city. However, Winnipeg was largely protected from the widespread destruction seen in Grand Forks due to the Red River Floodway, which operated at its full capacity.

What was the highest recorded level of the Red River at Fargo during the 2009 flood?

By March 27, 2009, the Red River at Fargo had reached its highest level in recorded history during the 2009 flood.

What was the crest level of the Red River in Winnipeg during the 2009 flood?

During the 2009 flood, the Red River crested at the James Avenue pumping station in Winnipeg at 22.5 feet (6.9 meters) above datum, marking it as the fourth-highest flood in the city's recorded history.

What were the contributing factors to the 2011 Red River flood?

The 2011 Red River flood was caused by a combination of a wet summer in 2010 and an above-average amount of snowfall throughout the winter in the Red River Valley.

What was the peak flow rate of the Red River at Grand Forks-East Grand Forks during the 1826 flood?

During the 1826 flood, the estimated peak flow rate of the Red River at Grand Forks-East Grand Forks was 135,000 cubic feet per second (cfs).

How did the 1997 peak flow rate at Fargo-Moorhead compare to the 2009 peak flow rate?

The 1997 peak flow rate at Fargo-Moorhead was 28,000 cfs, which was lower than the 2009 peak flow rate of 29,500 cfs.

What was the peak flow rate at Emerson/Pembina during the 1950 flood?

The peak flow rate at Emerson/Pembina during the 1950 flood was 95,500 cfs.

Which year recorded the highest peak flow rate at Winnipeg among the top ten floods listed?

Among the top ten floods listed, the year 1826 recorded the highest peak flow rate at Winnipeg, with an estimated 225,000 cfs.

What was the peak flow rate at Wahpeton-Breckenridge during the 2011 flood?

During the 2011 flood, the peak flow rate at Wahpeton-Breckenridge was 10,240 cfs.

Red River Of The North Wiki: The Red River's Legacy: Navigating North America's Dynamic Waterway

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River Overview

A Transnational Waterway

The Red River, often distinguished as the Red River of the North, is a significant river system spanning both the north-central United States and central Canada. Its journey begins at the confluence of the Bois de Sioux and Otter Tail rivers, situated along the border between Minnesota and North Dakota. From this origin, it flows predominantly northward through the expansive Red River Valley, delineating a substantial portion of the Minnesota-North Dakota border before continuing its course into Manitoba, Canada. Ultimately, the river discharges into Lake Winnipeg, with its waters eventually contributing to the Nelson River system and, finally, Hudson Bay.

Dimensions and Deltaic Features

Measuring approximately 885 kilometers (550 miles) in total length, the Red River's course includes about 635 kilometers (395 miles) within the United States and roughly 255 kilometers (158 miles) in Canada. Over its entire length, the river experiences a vertical drop of 70 meters (230 feet) before reaching Lake Winnipeg. At its mouth, the river forms a vast deltaic wetland known as Netley Marsh, a significant ecological area. This wetland, encompassing both the Netley Marsh to the west and the Libau Marsh to the east, covers an impressive 26,000 hectares (64,000 acres).

Urban Centers Along the Banks

The Red River has fostered the development of several key urban centers along its banks. In the United States, these include the twin cities of Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota, as well as Grand Forks, North Dakota, and East Grand Forks, Minnesota, which both straddle the state border. Further north in Canada, Manitoba's capital city, Winnipeg, is strategically located at the Red's confluence with the Assiniboine River, a site historically known as The Forks. Other notable Canadian settlements include Selkirk, Manitoba. Recognized for its historical importance as a trade route, the Red River has been designated a Canadian Heritage River.

Historical Significance

Rupert's Land and Early Trade

The watershed of the Red River played a pivotal role in the historical development of North America, forming part of Rupert's Land. This vast territory was a concession granted to the British Hudson's Bay Company, establishing a significant British presence in the north-central part of the continent. The Red River itself served as a crucial artery for trade, facilitating the movement of goods and contributing significantly to the settlement patterns of British North America.

Fur Traders and Métis Communities

For centuries, the river was a vital conduit for fur traders. French traders were among the early users, followed by the Métis people, a distinct Indigenous group who established thriving communities in the region well before the British asserted control over French possessions in Canada following the Seven Years' War. These early inhabitants and traders utilized the river for transportation and commerce, laying the groundwork for future development.

Settlement and Development

The establishment of the Red River Colony saw settlers engaging in farming activities along the river's fertile banks. This primary settlement eventually evolved into the modern city of Winnipeg, Manitoba. The region's development was further bolstered by the Red River Trails, a network of 19th-century oxcart trails initially developed by the Métis. These trails were instrumental in supporting the fur trade and connecting the burgeoning settlements, thereby fostering the growth and expansion of the region on both sides of what would become the international border.

Geographical Features

River's Genesis and Course

The Red River originates at the confluence of the Bois de Sioux and Otter Tail rivers, precisely at the border between Wahpeton, North Dakota, and Breckenridge, Minnesota. As it flows northward, it defines the landscape for several notable twin cities, including Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota, followed by Grand Forks, North Dakota, and East Grand Forks, Minnesota. The river then crosses the international boundary into Canada near Emerson, Manitoba. Further downstream, it meets the Assiniboine River at The Forks in Winnipeg, Manitoba, a significant historical and geographical point.

Drainage Basins and Wetlands

The Red River, in conjunction with the Assiniboine River, completely encloses the endorheic basin of Devils' Lake and Stump Lake, highlighting its role in regional hydrology. Continuing its northern trajectory, the Red River ultimately drains into Lake Winnipeg, which subsequently feeds the Nelson River, eventually reaching Hudson Bay. This entire system forms a crucial part of the larger Hudson Bay watershed. The river's mouth is characterized by a freshwater river delta, the Netley–Libau Marsh, a vast wetland complex covering 26,000 hectares (64,000 acres), with Netley Marsh to the west and Libau Marsh to the east.

Climate Considerations

The southern region of Manitoba, particularly within the Red River Valley, experiences a frost-free season that typically spans between 120 and 140 days annually. This climatic characteristic influences agricultural practices and the overall ecosystem of the river basin, contributing to the unique environmental dynamics of the area.

Geological Foundations

Legacy of Lake Agassiz

The Red River's course traverses the remarkably flat lake bed of the ancient glacial Lake Agassiz. This immense glacial lake formed at the conclusion of the Wisconsin glaciation, fed by the meltwaters of the colossal Laurentide Ice Sheet. Over millennia, sediments accumulated on the lakebed, forming the lacustrine soils that are the parent material for the fertile Red River Valley today. The river itself is geologically quite young, having developed only after Lake Agassiz drained approximately 9,500 years ago.

The "Valley" Misnomer and Gradient

The term "valley" for the Red River Valley is somewhat misleading. While the Red River drains the region, its own channel is typically only a few hundred feet wide. The much broader floodplain is, in fact, the ancient lake bed of Lake Agassiz. This area is exceptionally flat, with a gradient of only about 1:5000 (1 meter per 5 kilometers, or roughly 1 foot per mile) from its origin near Breckenridge, Minnesota, to the international border near Emerson, Manitoba. Due to this minimal gradient, the river, which is slow and relatively small for much of the year, lacks the erosive energy to carve a deep gorge. Instead, it meanders across the silty bottomlands as it flows northward.

Predisposition to Overland Flooding

The unique geological characteristics of the Red River Valley render it highly susceptible to "overland flooding." When significant precipitation occurs, whether from persistent thunderstorms, heavy rain, or substantial snowmelt, especially on saturated or frozen ground, the flat topography provides no natural escape for the rising waters. This phenomenon is often exacerbated by the fact that snowmelt typically commences in the warmer southern reaches of the river basin, with the northward-flowing waters frequently encountering and being impeded by ice further downstream. These periodic floods effectively, in part, "refill" the ancient lakebed, a cycle that has been observed throughout the river's history.

Recurrent Floods

Causes of Inundation

Flooding along the Red River is a recurring natural phenomenon, primarily triggered when water levels exceed riverbank capacity. This typically results from a combination of factors: prolonged periods of significant precipitation, including persistent thunderstorms, heavy rainfall, or substantial snowfall, coupled with the spring snowmelt and the formation of ice jams. Historical records indicate numerous major floods, including those in 1826, 1897, 1950, 1997, 2009, and 2011, with significant flooding events occurring in many intervening years. Geological studies have also uncovered evidence of numerous "paleofloods" in prehistoric times, some of which were of equal or greater magnitude than recorded events, leaving lasting impacts on local landforms.

Flood Mitigation Strategies

Following the devastating 1950 flood, which caused extensive damage in Winnipeg, Manitoba initiated a major flood prevention project: the construction of the Red River Floodway. Completed in 1968, this engineering marvel diverts floodwaters around the city into less populated areas downstream. Similarly, after the widespread destruction in Grand Forks, North Dakota, and East Grand Forks, Minnesota, during the 1997 flood, a comprehensive flood protection project was undertaken. This involved clearing river floodplains, prohibiting future development in these areas, and creating the Greater Grand Forks Greenway, which incorporates parks, bike trails, and green spaces to absorb floodwaters. A robust dike system was also constructed to safeguard both cities. Research by Atashi et al. has further identified a particularly vulnerable section near Grafton, between Grand Forks and Emerson, highly susceptible to severe floods.

Notable Flood Events

1950 Flood

On May 8, 1950, the Red River in Winnipeg reached its highest level since 1861. Eight dikes protecting the city failed, inundating approximately 1,600 km² (600 sq mi) of farmland. Nearly 70,000 residents were evacuated, four of the eleven city bridges were destroyed, and damages were estimated between $900 million and $1 billion. The subsequent construction of the Red River Floodway, initially met with skepticism, has since been used over 20 times by 2006, saving an estimated CA$10 billion in damages.

1997 Flood

The spring of 1997 witnessed a catastrophic flood, resulting in $3.5 billion in damages and necessitating temporary evacuations across the border. Grand Forks, North Dakota, and East Grand Forks, Minnesota, bore the brunt of the damage, with most of their populations evacuated. The river crested at over 54 feet (16 meters) above datum. Post-flood, extensive floodplain clearing, the creation of the Greater Grand Forks Greenway, and a new dike system were implemented. Winnipeg largely avoided similar devastation due to the Red River Floodway operating at full capacity.

2009 Flood

In early spring 2009, the Red River experienced significant flooding. By March 27, the river at Fargo reached its highest recorded level. The discharge rates were substantially above normal. In Winnipeg, the river crested at 22.5 feet (6.9 meters) above datum at the James Avenue pumping station, marking it as the fourth-highest flood in the city's recorded history.

2011 Flood

Following a wet summer in 2010 and an unusually heavy winter snowfall, the Red River again overflowed its banks in 2011. It crested in Winnipeg at 19.59 feet (5.97 meters) above datum, which would have been the sixth-highest flood level in recorded history without existing flood protection measures like the Portage Diversion and the Red River Floodway. The same year also saw a major, unexpected flood on the Assiniboine River, leading to a Manitoba-wide state of emergency and widespread evacuations near Brandon.

Flow Rates & Flood Potential

Historical Peak Flow Data

Understanding the hydrological dynamics of the Red River is crucial for flood management and regional planning. The table below presents estimated, measured, and calculated peak flow rates (in cubic feet per second, cfs) for the top ten floods of the Red River Valley, as recorded at Winnipeg. These data points illustrate the varying magnitudes of historical flood events across key locations along the river's course.

Location	1826 peak flow (cfs)	1852 peak flow (cfs)	1997 peak flow (cfs)	2009 peak flow (cfs)	1861 peak flow (cfs)	2011 peak flow (cfs)	1950 peak flow (cfs)	1979 peak flow (cfs)	1996 peak flow (cfs)	2006 peak flow (cfs)
Wahpeton-Breckenridge	–	–	12,800	15,400	–	10,240	–	7,050	–	10,720
Fargo-Moorhead	–	–	28,000	29,500	–	26,200	–	17,300	–	19,900
Grand Forks-East Grand Forks	135,000	95,000	114,000	76,700	65,000	86,100	54,000	82,000	58,100	72,800
Emerson/Pembina	151,000	–	133,000	87,900	–	84,700	95,500	92,700	66,700	73,500
Winnipeg	225,000	165,000	163,000	128,000	125,000	116,000	108,000	108,000	108,000	99,000

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References

Microsoft Encarta 2005. Retrieved on October 18, 2008.

Red River of the North at Wahpeton, North Dakota â National Weather Service

A full list of references for this article are available at the Red River of the North Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional environmental, hydrological, or engineering advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for consulting official government reports, hydrological forecasts, or seeking advice from qualified environmental scientists, engineers, or emergency management professionals regarding flood safety, water management, or regional planning. Always refer to official sources and consult with experts for specific concerns related to the Red River of the North.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The Red River's Legacy

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

River Overview 🗺️

📍 A Transnational Waterway

📏 Dimensions and Deltaic Features

🏙️ Urban Centers Along the Banks

Historical Significance 📜

🌍 Rupert's Land and Early Trade

🛶 Fur Traders and Métis Communities

🚜 Settlement and Development

Geographical Features 🏞️

confluence River's Genesis and Course

💧 Drainage Basins and Wetlands

☀️ Climate Considerations

Geological Foundations ⛰️

🧊 Legacy of Lake Agassiz

📏 The "Valley" Misnomer and Gradient

🌊 Predisposition to Overland Flooding

Recurrent Floods ⚠️

🌧️ Causes of Inundation

🚧 Flood Mitigation Strategies

🗓️ Notable Flood Events

1950 Flood

1997 Flood

2009 Flood

2011 Flood

Flow Rates & Flood Potential 📊

📈 Historical Peak Flow Data

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

River Overview

A Transnational Waterway

Dimensions and Deltaic Features

Urban Centers Along the Banks

Historical Significance

Rupert's Land and Early Trade

Fur Traders and Métis Communities

Settlement and Development

Geographical Features

River's Genesis and Course

Drainage Basins and Wetlands

Climate Considerations

Geological Foundations

Legacy of Lake Agassiz

The "Valley" Misnomer and Gradient

Predisposition to Overland Flooding

Recurrent Floods

Causes of Inundation

Flood Mitigation Strategies

Notable Flood Events

Flow Rates & Flood Potential

Historical Peak Flow Data

Teacher's Corner

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Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice