Who are the Scottish people, and from which historical groups did they emerge?

The Scottish people, also known as Scots, are an ethnic group and nation native to Scotland. Historically, they originated in the early Middle Ages from a blend of two Celtic peoples: the Picts and the Gaels, who established the Kingdom of Scotland (or Alba) in the 9th century. Over the subsequent two centuries, Celtic-speaking Cumbrians from Strathclyde and Germanic-speaking Angles from Northumbria also became part of Scotland.

What additional groups contributed to the formation of the Scottish people in the High Middle Ages and later centuries?

During the High Middle Ages, specifically in the 12th century's Davidian Revolution, a small number of Norman nobles migrated to the Lowlands. Later, in the 13th century, the Norse-Gaels from the Western Isles were incorporated into Scotland, followed by the Norse people from the Northern Isles in the 15th century.

How is the term 'Scottish people' or 'Scots' defined in modern usage?

In modern usage, 'Scottish people' or 'Scots' refers to any individual whose linguistic, cultural, family ancestral, or genetic origins can be traced back to Scotland. This broad definition encompasses a wide range of people with connections to the country.

What is the historical origin of the Latin word 'Scoti' and its evolution in meaning?

The Latin word 'Scoti' originally referred to the Gaels, an ancient Celtic people. However, its meaning evolved over time to describe all inhabitants of Scotland, as noted by Bede in the 8th century and later by Irish and Scottish kings.

Why is the term 'Scotch' considered by some to be pejorative when referring to Scottish people?

While 'Scotch' is used to describe things from Scotland, such as 'Scotch whisky,' many Scottish people find the term offensive when applied to individuals. The Oxford Dictionary describes 'Scotch' as an old-fashioned term for 'Scottish,' and its use for people is disdained due to historical insulting and pejorative formations made from it by the English.

What factors influenced the emigration of Scottish people and the spread of their culture globally?

Emigration of Scots was influenced by various factors, including the Highland and Lowland Clearances, which involved forced displacement, and later by industrial decline and unemployment in Scotland. This widespread emigration led to the dissemination of Scottish languages and culture across the globe.

Where are the highest concentrations of people of Scottish descent found outside of Scotland?

Outside of Scotland, the highest concentrations of people of Scottish descent are located in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island in Canada, Otago and Southland in New Zealand, the Falkland Islands, and Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom.

Which country has the highest level of Scottish descendants per capita and the second-largest population overall?

Canada holds the distinction of having the highest level of Scottish descendants per capita in the world, and it also has the second-largest population of Scottish descendants overall, following the United States.

According to the source, what did the Romans originally refer to as 'Scotia'?

Originally, the Romans used the term 'Scotia' to refer to Ireland, indicating an early geographical association before its application to Scotland.

How did the Venerable Bede use the term 'Scottorum' in relation to the Pictish lands?

The Venerable Bede, an English monk and historian, used the word 'Scottorum' to refer to the nation from Ireland that settled a portion of the Pictish lands, stating 'Scottorum nationem in Pictorum parte recipit.' This implies the arrival of the Gaels in the Kingdom of Dál Riata in western Scotland.

What titles did Irish and Scottish kings use that incorporated the term 'Scottorum'?

In 1005, the Irish king Brian Boruma was given the title 'Imperator Scottorum' by his notary. This style was later adopted by Scottish kings, with 'Basileus Scottorum' appearing on King Edgar's great seal and 'Rex Scottorum' used by Alexander I and many of his successors up to James VI.

What is the origin of the Ulster Scots language spoken in parts of northeastern Ireland?

The Ulster Scots language, spoken in parts of northeastern Ireland, is a direct result of 17th- and 18th-century immigration from Scotland to Ireland, reflecting the linguistic heritage brought by these settlers.

What were the main ethnic or cultural groups present in Scotland during the Early Middle Ages?

In the Early Middle Ages, Scotland was home to several distinct ethnic or cultural groups: the Picts, the Gaels, the Britons, and the Angles. The Angles settled in the southeast, while the others primarily spoke Celtic languages.

Which languages were predominantly spoken in Scotland until the 13th century, and which Germanic language emerged in the southeast?

Until the 13th century, most of Scotland spoke Celtic languages, including those of the Britons, Gaels, and Picts. However, in the southeast, between the Firth of Forth and the River Tweed, Germanic-speaking Angles introduced Old English, which eventually developed into the Scots language.

How did the Gaelic language's geographical spread and decline occur in Scotland?

The Gaelic language spread across nearly all of Scotland by the 9th century, reaching its peak between the 11th and 13th centuries. However, it was never spoken in the southeast. Its predominance began to decline in the 13th century, leading to a linguistic division between the English/Scots-speaking Lowlands and the Gaelic-speaking Highlands and Galloway by the end of the Middle Ages.

What was the 'Davidian Revolution' and how did it influence Scottish demographics and feudalism?

The 'Davidian Revolution' refers to King David I of Scots' return from exile in England in 1113 and his subsequent assumption of the throne in 1124. He invited Anglo-Norman families from France and England to settle in Scotland, introducing a European style of feudalism and an influx of people of French descent, unlike England where it was by conquest.

Which common Scottish family names can trace their ancestry back to Norman settlers during the Davidian Revolution?

Many common Scottish family names, such as the Stewarts, Bruces, Hamiltons, Wallaces, and Melvilles, can trace their ancestry to Norman nobles who migrated to Scotland during the Davidian Revolution.

What was the linguistic situation in the Northern Isles and parts of Caithness during the medieval period?

The Northern Isles and some areas of Caithness were Norn-speaking during the medieval period. The western part of Caithness, however, remained Gaelic-speaking into the 20th century, as did some small communities in the Central Highlands.

How did the Early Scots language spread across the Lowlands, and who was a notable poet who used it?

From 1200 to 1500, the Early Scots language expanded across the lowland regions of Scotland, from Galloway to the Highland line. John Barbour, a poet from Aberdeen in the late 14th century, notably used this language in his historical epic, 'The Brus'.

How was Scotland commonly divided by language from 1500 onwards, and what were the respective terms for these groups?

From 1500 onwards, Scotland was typically divided by language into two groups: the Gaelic-speaking 'Highlanders' (whose language was sometimes called Scottis by English speakers or 'Erse' by Lowlanders) and the Inglis-speaking 'Lowlanders' (whose language later became known as Scots).

What demographic shifts occurred between the Highlands and Lowlands over recent centuries?

Over the last few centuries, there has been increased movement between the Highlands and Lowlands. Highlanders often moved to major cities like Glasgow and Edinburgh, and to regions bordering the southern Highlands. Conversely, Lowlanders settled in Highland areas such as Moray, where Gaelic was traditionally spoken but was replaced by Doric in the 19th century.

What is the current linguistic landscape in Scotland regarding immigrant languages and English fluency?

Today, while immigrants have introduced other languages like Polish, Punjabi, and Urdu, almost every adult throughout Scotland is fluent in the English language, reflecting its status as the dominant language.

According to historian Susan Reynolds, why were attempts made to obscure the ethnic plurality of Scottish people since the Middle Ages?

Historian Susan Reynolds suggests that attempts were made to obscure the ethnic plurality of Scottish people since the Middle Ages due to the political necessity of nation-building. Presenting themselves as one people was seen as the only way to claim rightful regal independence.

How did 15th and 16th-century Scottish poets and orators contribute to the idea of a unitary Scottish ethnicity?

In the 15th and 16th centuries, Scottish poets and orators, such as Blind Harry, created terms like 'trew Scottis' to minimize the ethnic, linguistic, and political differences among groups living in Scotland, thereby fostering a sense of national unity against potential English aggression.

How did a 1974 International Political Science Association report define the basic ethnic and cultural division in the British Isles?

A 1974 International Political Science Association report defined the basic ethnic and cultural division in the British Isles as being between the Anglo-Saxon peoples of England and the Scottish Lowlands, and the Celtic peoples of Wales, Ireland, and the Scottish Highlands.

What distinction does historian Steven L. Danver make regarding the ethnic origins of Lowland and Highland Scots?

Historian Steven L. Danver states that Lowland Scots and Highland Scots differ ethnically. Highland Scots are of Celtic (Gaelic) descent, while Lowland Scots are descended from Germanic tribes of Angles who settled around Edinburgh in the seventh century C.E. and gradually occupied the Lowlands.

What did Stuart Macdonald's research indicate about Scottish ethnic communities during the 18th and 19th centuries?

Stuart Macdonald's research indicates that during the 18th and 19th centuries, it would be more accurate to describe Scots as two distinct ethnic communities—Highlanders and Lowlanders—divided by language, culture, and sometimes mutual antagonisms.

What did sociologist Ian Carter's research reveal about marriage patterns between Scottish ethnic groups from the 16th to 18th centuries?

Sociologist Ian Carter's research into marriage patterns from the 16th to 18th centuries found little intermarrying between Highland and Lowland Scottish families, indicating a clear division along the Highland line.

What is the estimated total population of Scotland today, and how many people worldwide claim Scottish ancestry?

Today, Scotland has a population of just over five million people, with the majority identifying as Scottish. It is estimated that around 40 million people worldwide claim Scottish ancestry.

What are the different categories of 'Scottish connections' recognized by the Scottish Government for its diaspora strategy?

The Scottish Government uses the term 'Scottish connections' to describe its diaspora, recognizing people of Scottish heritage (by ancestry, marriage, or other family ties), lived diaspora (those who have permanently resided in Scotland), educational diaspora (alumni of Scottish institutions and Scots working abroad), and affinity (individuals who associate with Scotland through cultural, linguistic, friendship, or professional links, or an interest in its heritage).

What is the origin of Scotch-Irish Americans, and where did they settle in North America?

The majority of Scotch-Irish Americans originated from Lowland Scotland and Northern England. They first migrated to the province of Ulster in Ireland during the Plantation of Ulster, and then, about five generations later in the 18th century, moved in large numbers to North America, settling along the North American coast, Appalachia, and the Southeastern United States.

How many Americans self-reported Scottish and Scotch-Irish ancestry in the 2000 and 2013 censuses, and why are these numbers considered under-counts?

In the 2000 census, 4.8 million Americans self-reported Scottish ancestry and over 4.3 million self-reported Scotch-Irish ancestry. In the 2013 American Community Survey, 5,310,285 identified as Scottish and 2,976,878 as Scots-Irish. Demographers consider these numbers to be massive under-counts because Scottish ancestry is often under-reported among people of mixed ancestry, and many who reported 'American' ancestry historically had Scottish or Scotch-Irish Protestant roots.

Which regions in the United States tend to have concentrations of Scottish Americans descended from 19th-century and 1880s emigrants?

Scottish Americans descended from 19th-century emigrants are often concentrated in the West, while many in New England are descendants of emigrants, often Gaelic-speaking, who arrived from the Maritime Provinces of Canada from the 1880s onward.

Can the number of Americans with Scottish ancestry exceed the population of Scotland?

Yes, Americans of Scottish descent are estimated to outnumber the population of Scotland. For example, in the 2001 Census, 4,459,071 people in Scotland identified as ethnic Scottish, while estimates for Americans with Scottish ancestry range from 9 to 25 million.

What is the significance of Scottish people in Canadian culture, and what percentage of Canadians claim Scottish descent?

Scottish people are the third-largest ethnic group in Canada and were among the first Europeans to settle there, significantly impacting Canadian culture. According to the 2011 Census, 4,714,970 Canadians, or 15.10% of the population, claimed full or partial Scottish descent.

Where has Scottish culture particularly flourished in Canada, and what linguistic aspect is still present there?

Scottish culture has particularly thrived in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, which means 'New Scotland' in Latin. In Cape Breton, where many Scots settled, Canadian Gaelic is still spoken by a small number of residents, and the Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts is located there.

What was the role of Glengarry County in Ontario for Highland Scots?

Glengarry County in Eastern Ontario was established as a settlement for Highland Scots, many of whom moved there to preserve their culture following the Highland Clearances. Gaelic was the native language of the community since its 18th-century settlement, and a few speakers remain today.

What did John Kenneth Galbraith document in his book 'The Scotch'?

In his 1964 book 'The Scotch,' John Kenneth Galbraith documented the descendants of 19th-century Scottish pioneers who settled in Southwestern Ontario, affectionately referring to themselves as 'Scotch,' and aimed to provide a true picture of life in that community in the early 20th century.

What was the percentage of Scots in Australia's non-Aboriginal population by 1830, and what event spurred further migration in the 1850s?

By 1830, Scots constituted 15.11% of Australia's total non-Aboriginal population. The Australian Gold Rush of the 1850s provided a significant boost to Scottish migration, with 90,000 Scots immigrating during that decade, surpassing other British or Irish populations.

Where did Scots primarily settle in Australia by 1860, and what events contributed to this settlement?

By 1860, Scots made up 50% of the ethnic composition in Western Victoria, Adelaide, Penola, and Naracoorte. Other settlements were in New England, the Hunter Valley, and the Illawarra in New South Wales. Much of this settlement followed the Highland Potato Famine and the Highland and Lowland Clearances of the mid-19th century.

What is the current Scottish cultural presence in modern Australia?

A strong Scottish cultural presence is evident in modern Australia through Highland Games, traditional dance, Tartan Day celebrations, and various clan and Gaelic-speaking societies found across the country.

What proportion of New Zealand's original European settler population came from Scotland, and what city is known for its Scottish heritage?

Approximately 20% of New Zealand's original European settler population originated from Scotland. The South Island city of Dunedin is particularly renowned for its Scottish heritage, having been named in tribute to Edinburgh by its Scottish founders.

How did Caledonian societies contribute to Scottish culture in New Zealand?

Caledonian societies were formed throughout New Zealand, with over 100 by the early 20th century, to help maintain Scottish culture and traditions. From the 1860s, these societies organized annual Caledonian Games, which were sports meets that brought together Scottish settlers and the wider New Zealand public, aiding in cultural integration.

What was the population of Scottish-born people in New Zealand in the 1961 and 2013 censuses?

In the 1961 census, there were 47,078 people living in New Zealand who were born in Scotland. By the 2013 census, this number had decreased to 25,953.

How did the Plantation of Ulster impact the Scottish presence in Northern Ireland?

The colonial policies of James VI, known as the Plantation of Ulster, led to the establishment of a Presbyterian and Scottish society in Ulster, forming the Ulster-Scots community. However, this community did not greatly benefit from the Protestant Ascendancy, which was predominantly Anglican.

What was the number of Scottish-born residents in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland according to the 2011 Census?

The 2011 Census recorded 708,872 people born in Scotland residing in England, 24,346 in Wales, and 15,455 in Northern Ireland.

Which English town became a significant center for Scottish migration in the 1930s?

The Northamptonshire town of Corby became a notable center for Scottish migration starting in the 1930s. By 1961, a third of its residents were born in Scotland, though this figure decreased to 12.7% in 2011.

To which European countries have Scots emigrated as merchants and soldiers over the centuries?

Scots have emigrated to various mainland European countries for centuries, serving as merchants and soldiers. These destinations include France, Poland, Italy, Germany, Scandinavia, and the Netherlands.

What is the estimated number of Russian nationals who may have Scottish ancestry?

Some scholars have suggested that up to 250,000 Russian nationals may have Scottish ancestry, indicating a significant historical connection.

Who were some notable Scots who gained wealth and fame in Russia during the times of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great?

During the reigns of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great, several Scots achieved wealth and fame in Russia, including Admiral Thomas Gordon, Patrick Gordon, Paul Menzies, Samuel Greig, Charles Baird, Charles Cameron, Adam Menelaws, William Hastie, and the court doctor James Wylie.

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Defining Scottish

An Enduring National Identity

The term "Scottish people" or "Scots" refers to an ethnic group and nation indigenous to Scotland. Historically, this identity emerged in the early Middle Ages from the convergence of various peoples. Modern usage extends this to anyone whose linguistic, cultural, family ancestral, or genetic origins trace back to Scotland.

Etymological Roots

The Latin word Scoti originally designated the Gaels, particularly those from Ireland. Over time, this term evolved to encompass all inhabitants of Scotland. While "Scot" and "Scottish" are the preferred modern terms, the word "Scotch" has also been historically applied to Scottish people, though it is now largely considered pejorative when referring to individuals, primarily used for products like "Scotch whisky."^[14]^[15]^[16]^[25]^[26]

Population Overview

Scotland's current population is over five million, with the majority identifying as Scottish.^[40]^[41]^[42] Globally, an estimated 28 to 40 million people claim Scottish ancestry, reflecting a significant historical diaspora.^[1]^[43]

Historical Origins

Early Medieval Amalgamation

The Scottish people emerged from a complex amalgamation of various ethnic and cultural groups during the Early Middle Ages. Key groups included the Picts and Gaels, who established the Kingdom of Scotland (Alba) in the 9th century. Subsequent centuries saw the integration of Celtic-speaking Cumbrians from Strathclyde and Germanic-speaking Angles from Northumbria into the nascent Scottish identity.^[27]

The Davidian Revolution

During the High Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th century, the Davidian Revolution introduced a European style of feudalism to Scotland. This period saw an influx of Norman nobles and their families from France and England, invited by David I to strengthen his loyal ruling class. Many prominent Scottish surnames today, such as Stewart, Bruce, Hamilton, Wallace, and Melville, trace their origins to these Norman settlers.^[29]

Norse and Island Influences

Further shaping the Scottish ethnic landscape, the Norse-Gaels of the Western Isles became part of Scotland in the 13th century. This was followed by the Norse inhabitants of the Northern Isles in the 15th century, adding another layer of cultural and genetic heritage to the Scottish people.

Linguistic Divisions

Historically, Scotland was culturally divided by language. Until the 13th century, Celtic languages predominated, including those spoken by Britons, Gaels, and Picts. Germanic Old English, the precursor to Scots, was spoken in the southeast. From 1500 onwards, a distinct division emerged between Gaelic-speaking "Highlanders" and Inglis-speaking "Lowlanders" (later known as Scots speakers).^[30]

The Global Diaspora

Reasons for Emigration

For centuries, Scots have emigrated globally, driven by various factors including the Highland and Lowland Clearances, opportunities within the British Empire, industrial decline, and unemployment. This extensive emigration has significantly spread Scottish languages and culture worldwide.^[44]

The following table illustrates the significant populations of Scottish descent in various countries:

Year	Country	Population	% of Local Population
2016	Canada^[5]	4,799,005	15.1
2016	Australia^[6]	2,023,474	9.3
2010	United States (Scottish)^[38]	5,460,679	1.5
2011	England^[39]	708,872	1.34
2010	United States (Scotch-Irish)^[38]	3,257,161	1.1

The Scottish Government defines "Scottish connections" broadly, including those of heritage, those who have lived in Scotland, educational alumni, and individuals who associate with Scotland through cultural, linguistic, or professional links.^[45]

Scottish Americans

The United States hosts a substantial population of Scottish descent. The 2000 census reported 4.8 million Americans with Scottish ancestry and over 4.3 million with Scotch-Irish ancestry, though demographers suggest these figures are significant undercounts due to mixed ancestries and historical reporting patterns.^[46]^[47] Many US Presidents have claimed Scottish or Scotch-Irish lineage, including James Monroe, Andrew Jackson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Donald Trump.^[58]^[59]^[60]

Scottish Canadians

Scottish people represent the third-largest ethnic group in Canada, profoundly influencing Canadian culture since colonial times. The 2011 census indicated 4.7 million Canadians with full or partial Scottish descent.^[61] Nova Scotia, meaning "New Scotland," and Cape Breton are notable for their strong Scottish cultural presence, with Canadian Gaelic still spoken by a small number of residents. Glengarry County in Ontario also served as a significant settlement for Highland Scots seeking to preserve their culture.^[61]

Scottish Australians

Scottish migration to Australia was substantial, particularly during the 1850s Gold Rush and following the Highland and Lowland Clearances. By 1830, Scots constituted 15.11% of the non-Aboriginal population. A strong Scottish cultural presence, including Highland Games and Tartan Day celebrations, persists throughout modern Australia.^[62]^[63] The 2011 census reported 1.7 million Australians claiming Scottish ancestry.^[6]

Scottish New Zealanders

Approximately 20% of New Zealand's original European settler population hailed from Scotland, leaving a visible Scottish influence across the country. Dunedin, on the South Island, was specifically named as a tribute to Edinburgh by its Scottish founders. Caledonian societies and annual Caledonian Games played a crucial role in maintaining Scottish culture and integrating settlers into New Zealand society.^[66]^[67]^[68]

European Connections

Scots have a long history of emigration to mainland Europe, serving as merchants and soldiers for centuries. Significant communities developed in France, Poland, Italy, Germany, Scandinavia, and the Netherlands.^[75]^[76]^[77]^[78] For instance, the Scots International Church in Rotterdam has been open since 1643, and the town of Veere once practiced Scots Law. In Russia, Scottish soldiers and professionals gained prominence under figures like Peter the Great, with estimates suggesting up to 250,000 Russian nationals may have Scottish ancestry.^[79]^[85]^[86]

Latin American & African Presence

Latin America also hosts notable Scottish populations, with the largest concentration in Argentina, followed by Chile, Colombia, and Mexico.^[81] In Africa, Scottish settlers in South Africa during the 1800s were recognized for their expertise in road-building, farming, and architecture.^[80]

Linguistic Heritage

Historical Tongues

Historically, the Scottish people have spoken a diverse array of languages and dialects, including Pictish, Norse, Norman-French, and Brythonic. While these are no longer in use, their influence can still be observed in place names and regional dialects. The Norn language, for example, spoken in the Northern Isles into the early modern period, heavily influenced the modern Shetland and Orcadian dialects.

Scottish English

Following the Union of Crowns in 1603, the Scottish Court's relocation to London led to the increased adoption of English vocabulary among the Scottish upper classes. With the advent of the printing press, spellings became standardized, and Scottish English, a distinct variation of Southern English English, gradually replaced Scots as the dominant literary language. Today, most Scottish people speak Scottish English, which retains unique vocabulary and is influenced by Scots.^[111]^[112]

Scots Language

Lowland Scots, also known as Lallans or Doric, is a Germanic language rooted in Northern Middle English. After the Wars of Independence, it diverged from Modern English. By the mid-15th century, its name shifted from Inglis to Scottis. The Reformation, particularly the lack of a Scots Bible translation, contributed to its decline in formal use. Despite this, Scots remains a popular spoken language, with over 1.5 million speakers in Scotland. Ulster Scots (Ullans), spoken in parts of northeastern Ireland, is also recognized as a variety of the Scots language.^[111]^[113]^[114]^[115]^[116]^[117]

Scottish Gaelic

Scottish Gaelic is a Celtic language derived from Old Irish, originally spoken by the Gaels of Dál Riata. It spread across the Kingdom of Alba but began to decline in prominence from the 13th century, becoming primarily concentrated in the Highlands and Galloway. The Highland Clearances actively discouraged its use, leading to a significant drop in speakers and emigration. Today, native Gaelic speakers are mainly found on the west coast, particularly the Hebrides, though communities also exist in Glasgow and Edinburgh. The 2001 UK Census reported about 92,400 Gaelic speakers, and the Scottish Parliament actively promotes its use through legislation.^[118]^[119]

Religious Landscape

Christian Traditions

Christianity has profoundly shaped the religious life of the Scottish people for over 1,400 years.^[120]^[121] In the 2011 census, 53.8% of the Scottish population identified as Christian. The historical divisions between Protestantism and Catholicism continue to be a feature of Scottish society, with the Church of Scotland (Presbyterian) being the main Protestant denomination and approximately 14.4% of the population identifying as Catholic in 2014.^[122]^[123]

Rise of Irreligion

A notable trend in modern Scotland is the increasing number of people identifying with no religion. According to the Social Scottish Attitudes research, 52% of Scottish people identified as having no religion in 2016, reflecting a significant shift in the country's religious demographics.^[124]

Cultural Anglicisation

Surnames and Language Shift

Over centuries, many Scottish surnames have undergone anglicisation, reflecting the gradual spread of English (initially Early Scots) across Scotland from the 13th century. This process was also influenced by deliberate political efforts to promote the English language, particularly after the Union of the Crowns in 1603 and the Acts of Union of 1707. Despite this, many Gaelic surnames persist, albeit often written according to English orthographic conventions, such as MacAoidh becoming Mackay or MacGill-Eain becoming MacLean. Common surnames like Smith and Brown also have multiple origins, some being translations of Gaelic forms.^[125]

Broader Cultural Impact

Anglicisation extends beyond language and surnames, impacting various facets of Scottish culture. As noted by future British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald in 1921, the "Anglification of Scotland" had a detrimental effect on its education, music, literature, and overall national genius, leading to a generation "uprooted from its past" and deprived of its communal sense.^[126] This highlights the complex interplay between cultural preservation and external influences on national identity.

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References

Walters, Mary C, Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), pp. 31â36.

The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins. (2001) James Jupp p650 Cambridge University Press.

Linguistic Archaeology: The Scottish Input to New Zealand English Phonology Trudgill et al. Journal of English Linguistics.2003; 31: 103â124

Paul Dukes, Scottish soldiers in Moscovy in The Caledonian Phalanx, 1987

A.G. Cross, Scoto-Russian contacts in the reign of Catherine the Great (1762â1796), in The Caledonian Phalanx, 1987

John H. Appleby, Through the looking-glass: Scottish doctors in Russia (1704â1854), in The Caledonian Phalanx, 1987

John R. Bowles, From the banks of the Neva to the shores of Lake Baikal: some enterprising Scots in Russia, in The Caledonian Phalanx, 1987

M.V. Koroleva, A.L. Sinitsa. Gelskoe naselenie Shotlandii, ot istokov k sovremennosti, in Demographic studies, Moscow, 2010, pp. 163â191.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Scottish people Wikipedia page

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Caledonia Unveiled

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Defining Scottish ℹ️

🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 An Enduring National Identity

📜 Etymological Roots

📊 Population Overview

Historical Origins 🕰️

융 Early Medieval Amalgamation

👑 The Davidian Revolution

🌊 Norse and Island Influences

🗣️ Linguistic Divisions

The Global Diaspora 🌍

✈️ Reasons for Emigration

🇺🇸 Scottish Americans

🇨🇦 Scottish Canadians

🇦🇺 Scottish Australians

🇳🇿 Scottish New Zealanders

🇪🇺 European Connections

🇦🇷 Latin American & African Presence

Linguistic Heritage 🗣️

📜 Historical Tongues

🇬🇧 Scottish English

🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 Scots Language

🗣️ Scottish Gaelic

Religious Landscape ⛪

✝️ Christian Traditions

🚫 Rise of Irreligion

Cultural Anglicisation 🔄

📝 Surnames and Language Shift

🎭 Broader Cultural Impact

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Defining Scottish

An Enduring National Identity

Etymological Roots

Population Overview

Historical Origins

Early Medieval Amalgamation

The Davidian Revolution

Norse and Island Influences

Linguistic Divisions

The Global Diaspora

Reasons for Emigration

Scottish Americans

Scottish Canadians

Scottish Australians

Scottish New Zealanders

European Connections

Latin American & African Presence

Linguistic Heritage

Historical Tongues

Scottish English

Scots Language

Scottish Gaelic

Religious Landscape

Christian Traditions

Rise of Irreligion

Cultural Anglicisation

Surnames and Language Shift

Broader Cultural Impact

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice