What is the World Health Organization's definition of violence?

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines violence as the intentional use of physical force or power, whether threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or a group or community. This definition includes actions that result in, or have a high likelihood of resulting in, injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation, emphasizing that violence does not necessarily need to result in injury or death to be recognized.

According to the WHO, what are the three broad categories of violence?

The World Health Organization categorizes violence into three broad types: self-directed violence, interpersonal violence, and collective violence. This classification distinguishes violence inflicted by an individual upon themselves, violence occurring between individuals or small groups, and violence perpetrated by larger groups such as states.

How is violence alternatively classified, beyond the WHO's categories?

Beyond the WHO's categorization, violence can also be primarily classified as either instrumental or hostile. Instrumental violence is typically used as a means to achieve a goal, while hostile violence is often a reaction driven by emotion or anger.

What are the two forms of self-inflicted violence?

Self-inflicted violence encompasses two primary forms: suicidal behavior, which includes suicidal thoughts and attempts, and self-harm, which involves acts like self-mutilation.

What does the WHO define as collective violence?

According to the WHO, collective violence is defined as the instrumental use of violence by individuals who identify as members of a group against another group or set of individuals. This is done to achieve political, economic, or social objectives, and it can be either targeted or stochastic in nature.

What are examples of collective violence mentioned in the text?

Examples of collective violence include political violence, which can be led by communities, states, or other groups. Economic violence, aimed at disrupting economic activity or creating division, and slow violence, which is gradual and often invisible, are also mentioned as forms of collective violence.

What is considered the most extreme form of collective violence?

The most extreme form of collective violence is war, characterized by prolonged, large-scale, and political conflicts.

What is structural violence?

Structural violence refers to a form of violence where social structures or institutions harm individuals by preventing them from meeting their basic needs or rights. This type of violence is often invisible and gradual, operating through degradation, attrition, and pollution.

How is interpersonal violence subdivided?

Interpersonal violence can be subdivided in various ways, including by the types of abuse (such as physical or emotional), the locations where it occurs (like home or work), and the age disparity between the individuals involved (e.g., child or elder abuse).

What is intimate partner violence, and what are its common forms?

Intimate partner violence, also known as domestic violence, involves physical, sexual, and emotional abuse perpetrated by an intimate partner or ex-partner. While males can be victims, it disproportionately affects females and can occur in various relationships, including adolescent dating relationships.

What is the primary prevention strategy with the best evidence for effectiveness against intimate partner violence?

School-based programming for adolescents aimed at preventing violence within dating relationships is identified as the primary prevention strategy with the strongest evidence for effectiveness against intimate partner violence.

What are some other primary prevention strategies for intimate partner violence that are showing effectiveness?

Other promising primary prevention strategies for intimate partner violence include combining microfinance with gender equality training, promoting communication and relationship skills within communities, reducing alcohol availability and harmful use, and actively changing cultural gender norms.

What does violence against children encompass?

Violence against children includes all forms of violence against individuals under 18 years old, regardless of the perpetrator (parents, caregivers, peers, strangers). It covers physical, sexual, and psychological abuse, as well as neglect and exploitation, which can harm a child's health, survival, development, or dignity.

What are the estimated prevalence rates for child maltreatment mentioned in the text?

While global estimates for child maltreatment are not reliable, research suggests that approximately 20% of women and 5-10% of men report being sexually abused as children, and 25-50% of all children report experiencing physical abuse.

What are the potential long-term consequences of child maltreatment?

Child maltreatment can lead to significant lifelong consequences, including increased risk of mental illness, suicide, substance abuse, chronic diseases like heart disease and diabetes, and social problems such as poverty and crime. It can also impair social and occupational functioning, potentially slowing a country's economic and social development.

How is elder maltreatment defined?

Elder maltreatment is defined as a single or repeated act, or a lack of appropriate action, within a trusting relationship that causes harm or distress to an older person. This can include various forms of abuse and neglect.

What is psychological violence?

Psychological or emotional violence involves non-physical forms of hostile treatment, such as restricting a person's movements, denigration, ridicule, threats, intimidation, discrimination, and rejection.

How is sexual violence defined?

Sexual violence is defined as any sexual act, attempted sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts of trafficking directed against a person's sexuality using coercion. This definition includes rape, which is specifically defined as the physically forced or otherwise coerced penetration of the vulva or anus with a penis, other body part, or object.

What are the consequences of sexual violence, particularly when perpetrated during childhood?

Sexual violence can have severe short- and long-term consequences on victims' physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health. When perpetrated during childhood, it is associated with increased risks of smoking, drug and alcohol misuse, risky sexual behaviors, and a higher likelihood of both perpetrating and experiencing violence later in life.

What risk factors are specific to sexual violence perpetration?

Risk factors specific to sexual violence perpetration include beliefs in family honor and sexual purity, ideologies of male sexual entitlement, and weak legal sanctions against sexual violence.

What is the estimated economic impact of violence on the global economy?

The Institute for Economics and Peace estimated that the total economic impact of violence on the world economy in 2024 was approximately $17.5 trillion.

What are some of the adverse health effects associated with the incidence of violence?

Violence can lead to significant adverse health effects, including mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicide. Physical health issues can include cardiovascular diseases and premature mortality, with effects potentially being cumulative.

How many people die annually from violence-related injuries?

Violence-related injuries kill approximately 1.25 million people every year.

What is the significance of violence as a cause of death for young people?

For individuals aged 15 to 44 years, violence is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide. Suicide, a form of violence, is also a leading cause of death in younger age groups, specifically the second leading cause for those aged 10 to 24.

How do deaths from suicide, interpersonal violence, and collective violence compare?

In 2013, approximately 842,000 deaths were attributed to suicide, 405,000 to interpersonal violence, and 31,000 to collective violence and legal intervention, indicating that suicide accounts for the largest proportion of these violent deaths.

What are the primary causes of death from interpersonal violence?

In 2013, the leading causes of death from interpersonal violence globally were assault by firearm (180,000 deaths), assault by sharp object (114,000 deaths), and other causes (110,000 deaths).

What is the relationship between homicide rates and economic factors?

Studies indicate a strong, inverse relationship between homicide rates and economic development and equality. Poorer countries, particularly those with significant wealth gaps, tend to experience higher homicide rates compared to wealthier nations.

How do homicide rates differ by age and sex?

Homicide rates vary by age and sex, with gender differences being least pronounced among children. For the 15 to 29 age group, male rates are nearly six times higher than female rates, and for other age groups, male rates are two to four times higher than female rates.

What is the ratio of non-fatal violent injuries to violent deaths among young people?

Studies show that for every homicide among young people aged 10 to 24, approximately 20 to 40 other young people receive hospital treatment for a violent injury.

What is the estimated prevalence of intimate partner violence according to a WHO multi-country study?

A WHO multi-country study found that between 15% and 71% of women reported experiencing physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner at some point in their lives.

How does the risk of dying violently in an armed conflict compare to other forms of violence?

The individual risk of dying violently in an armed conflict is relatively low compared to the risk of violent death in many non-conflict countries. For example, the average risk of dying violently in a conflict zone between 2004-2007 was about 2.0 per 100,000 population, which is lower than the global average homicide rate of 7.6 per 100,000 people.

What are the individual-level risk factors for violence?

Individual risk factors for violence include poor behavioral control, high emotional stress, low IQ, and antisocial beliefs or attitudes. Conversely, individual protective factors can include intolerance towards deviance, higher IQ and social skills, popularity, and religious beliefs.

What are relational risk factors associated with violence?

Relational risk factors linked to violence include authoritarian childrearing attitudes, inconsistent disciplinary practices, low emotional attachment to parents or caregivers, and low parental income and involvement.

What is the observed effect of physical punishment on children regarding aggression?

Longitudinal studies suggest that the experience of physical punishment has a direct causal effect on later aggressive behaviors in children. Cross-cultural analyses also indicate that societies with higher prevalence of corporal punishment tend to have higher rates of homicide, assault, and war.

What community-level risk factors contribute to violence?

Community risk factors that can contribute to violence include poverty, low community participation, and diminished economic opportunities. Environments with significant social inequalities can also lead to increased violence as individuals at the lower end may use it to gain status.

What is the role of media in relation to violence, according to research?

Research into media and violence examines potential links between consuming media violence and subsequent aggressive behavior. While some scholars claim a link, this view is increasingly debated, with some studies and court decisions finding the evidence inconclusive or lacking robust data.

What policies have been recommended to prevent collective violence?

Policies recommended for preventing collective violence include reducing poverty, increasing accountability in decision-making, decreasing inequalities between groups, and restricting access to weapons. Effective responses to violent conflicts also involve assessing vulnerability, coordinating efforts, and building local health service capabilities.

What are the core tenets of the criminal justice approach to preventing violence?

The criminal justice approach focuses on enforcing laws against violence, ensuring justice is served, and deterring potential offenders through punishment and incapacitation. Rehabilitation of perpetrators is also a key task to reduce future offenses.

How has the criminal justice system's approach to violence prevention evolved?

In recent decades, many criminal justice systems have increasingly focused on preventing violence before it occurs, moving beyond solely reacting to crimes. This includes community and problem-oriented policing strategies aimed at altering conditions that foster crime, and funding initiatives for gun access reduction and conflict resolution education for youth.

When did public health begin to address violence as a significant issue?

Public health began to address violence significantly about 30 years after the concept was first discussed in relation to health, and only in the last 15 years has this been done at a global level. In 1996, the World Health Assembly declared violence a leading worldwide public health problem.

What are the four main arguments for the public health sector addressing interpersonal violence?

The four main arguments are: 1) healthcare professionals' familiarity with the problem due to treating victims and perpetrators, 2) the need for population-level interventions due to the problem's magnitude and consequences, 3) the criminal justice system's traditional focus on public violence rather than private settings, and 4) accumulating evidence that a science-based public health approach is effective in prevention.

What are the seven strategies identified by the WHO to prevent violence?

The WHO identifies seven evidence-based strategies: 1) fostering safe, stable, and nurturing parent-child relationships, 2) developing life skills in children and adolescents, 3) reducing alcohol availability and harmful use, 4) limiting access to guns, knives, and pesticides, 5) promoting gender equality to prevent violence against women, 6) changing cultural and social norms that support violence, and 7) implementing victim identification, care, and support programs.

What is the relationship between societal factors and levels of violence?

There is a strong correlation between levels of violence and modifiable societal factors such as concentrated poverty, income and gender inequality, harmful alcohol use, and the absence of nurturing parent-child relationships.

What evidence supports interventions aimed at preventing violence against women?

Evidence suggests that programs combining microfinance with gender equity training can effectively reduce intimate partner violence. Similarly, school-based programs designed to challenge social and cultural norms related to gender show promise in preventing dating violence and sexual abuse among teenagers.

What is the historical perspective on human violence and warfare?

Scholars debate the origins of human violence. Some argue for a deep evolutionary predisposition, citing evidence from early humans and primates. Others posit that organized, large-scale warfare is a relatively recent phenomenon in the Holocene epoch, possibly linked to increased population densities and the advent of agriculture and technology.

What does Steven Pinker argue regarding the trend of violence in modern society?

Steven Pinker argues in 'The Better Angels of Our Nature' that modern society is less violent than in past periods, citing a decline in homicide rates over centuries and millennia. His analysis suggests a civilizing process, influenced by factors like the state's monopoly on violence and increased socioeconomic interdependencies, has led to greater individual aversion to violence.

How does Hannah Arendt distinguish between violence and power?

Hannah Arendt viewed violence and power as opposites, contrasting with many political theorists who saw violence as an extreme manifestation of power. She argued that while violence can be justifiable, it can never be legitimate, especially when its intended end is distant.

What is epistemic violence in feminist philosophy?

In feminist philosophy, epistemic violence refers to the harm caused by an inability to understand or engage with the conversations of others, often due to ignorance. Some philosophers believe this particularly harms marginalized groups.

What is Robert L. Holmes's perspective on violence and nonviolence?

Robert L. Holmes argues that violence is intrinsically a moral wrong, particularly when directed at innocent persons. He posits that exploring a philosophy of nonviolence, centered on concern for individual well-being, is a necessary condition for formulating moral alternatives to violence in all its forms.

What is the relationship between religion and violence according to research?

Research indicates that religious violence is complex and context-dependent, with religion often being one of many contributing factors, alongside social and political elements like ethnic animosities. It is difficult to isolate religion as the sole or primary cause, as behaviors do not always directly follow religious beliefs, and religions rarely promote violence as an end in itself.

Violence Wiki: The Anatomy of Aggression: A Scholarly Examination of Violence

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Defining Violence

Core Concept

Violence is fundamentally characterized by the intentional use of physical force or power, whether actual or threatened, against oneself, another person, or a group or community. This action aims to inflict harm, encompassing injury, death, psychological distress, maldevelopment, or deprivation.

The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes including acts that, while intentional, may not result in immediate injury or death but carry a high likelihood of doing so.

Historical Context

The term "violence" itself has historical roots, with ancient physicians like Hippocrates noting similarities between tumors and crabs, leading to the term "cancer." While not directly about violence, this illustrates how observations shape terminology.

The WHO's definition acknowledges the spectrum of harm, moving beyond purely physical outcomes to include psychological and developmental impacts.

Instrumental vs. Hostile

Violence can be broadly classified based on its intent:

Instrumental Violence: Used as a means to achieve a specific objective (e.g., political, economic, or social goals).
Hostile Violence: Driven by anger or aggression, often reactive.

Classifications of Violence

Self-Inflicted

This category encompasses violence directed towards oneself:

Suicidal Behavior: Includes suicidal thoughts, attempts, and completed suicides.
Self-Harm: Actions like self-mutilation, often without suicidal intent but causing physical harm.

Collective

Violence perpetrated by groups against other groups or individuals to achieve political, economic, or social objectives. This includes:

Political Violence: Conflicts involving communities, states, or organized groups.
War: The most extreme form of collective violence, characterized by prolonged, large-scale conflict.
Economic Violence: Acts motivated by economic gain or disruption.
Slow Violence: Gradual, often invisible degradation or attrition.
Structural Violence: Harm caused by social structures or institutions preventing basic needs or rights fulfillment.

Interpersonal

Violence occurring between individuals or small groups. It can be subdivided by location and relationship dynamics:

Domestic Violence: Physical, emotional, or sexual abuse within intimate relationships.
Workplace Violence: Aggression occurring in professional settings.
School Violence: Incidents within educational environments.
Prison Violence: Aggression within correctional facilities.

Age disparity is also a key factor, leading to categories like child abuse and elder abuse.

Consequences of Violence

Mental Health

Exposure to violence, particularly in childhood, is strongly linked to severe and lasting mental health issues. These include:

Depression and anxiety disorders.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Increased risk of suicide and suicidal ideation.
Substance abuse.

These effects can manifest throughout an individual's life, impacting social and occupational functioning.

Physical Health

The physical repercussions of violence are extensive and can be cumulative:

Acute injuries requiring medical attention.
Chronic health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
Premature mortality.
Increased risk of certain diseases, potentially including cancer, linked to trauma.

Socio-Economic Costs

Violence imposes significant economic burdens on individuals and societies:

Direct costs include healthcare, legal proceedings, and incarceration.
Indirect costs involve lost productivity, reduced economic growth, and social development setbacks.

The global economic impact of violence is estimated in the trillions of dollars annually.

Global Prevalence

Mortality Statistics

Globally, violence-related injuries result in millions of deaths annually. As of recent estimates:

Approximately 1.25 million deaths are attributed to violence each year.
Suicide accounts for the largest proportion of these deaths (around 883,000).
Interpersonal violence contributes significantly (around 456,000 deaths).
Collective violence accounts for a smaller, though still significant, portion.

For young adults (15-44 years), violence is a leading cause of death worldwide.

Trends and Comparisons

While age-standardized death rates for self-harm and interpersonal violence have shown declines in some periods, overall figures remain substantial. Violence-related deaths are comparable to or exceed mortality from diseases like tuberculosis and malaria.

Non-fatal injuries requiring medical attention number in the millions annually, highlighting the extensive reach of violence beyond fatalities.

Geographic Distribution

The incidence and patterns of violence vary significantly by region. Homicide rates tend to be higher in developing countries, particularly those with greater economic inequality. Conversely, regions like East Asia often report lower rates.

Gender disparities are notable, with males generally exhibiting higher rates of violent victimization and perpetration, especially in younger age groups.

Contributing Factors

Individual Level

Factors related to an individual's characteristics and behaviors:

Risk Factors: Poor impulse control, high stress levels, low IQ, antisocial attitudes, exposure to violence.
Protective Factors: Strong social skills, positive family connections, religious beliefs, intolerance towards deviance.

Relational Level

Influences stemming from interpersonal relationships, particularly family dynamics:

Risk Factors: Authoritarian parenting, inconsistent discipline, low parental attachment, parental substance abuse.
Protective Factors: Open communication within families, positive parental role modeling, supportive relationships with adults.

Research suggests a link between childhood physical punishment and later aggressive behavior.

Communal Level

Community-level factors that can foster or mitigate violence:

Risk Factors: Poverty, lack of community engagement, limited economic opportunities, high prevalence of substance abuse.
Protective Factors: Strong community cohesion, positive school environments, clear rules and enforcement, parental involvement in schools.

Social Level

Broader societal and cultural influences:

Risk Factors: Social inequality, normalization of violence, cultural norms supporting aggression, exposure to media violence (debated).
Protective Factors: Promotion of gender equality, strong rule of law, accessible social support systems, emphasis on non-violent conflict resolution.

The state's monopoly on the legitimate use of force is a key social factor in regulating violence.

Strategies for Prevention

Criminal Justice Approach

This approach focuses on deterring, incapacitating, and rehabilitating offenders through legal means:

Enforcement of laws against violence.
Punishment and incarceration.
Rehabilitation programs aimed at changing offender behavior.
Problem-oriented policing to address conditions fostering crime.

Emphasis is placed on individual blame, responsibility, and guilt.

Public Health Approach

Viewing violence as a public health issue, this approach emphasizes understanding causes and implementing population-level interventions:

Evidence-Based Strategies:
Fostering stable parent-child relationships.
Developing life skills in youth.
Reducing alcohol and weapon accessibility.
Promoting gender equality.
Challenging cultural norms that support violence.
Providing victim support services.

Targeted Interventions

Specific programs targeting identified risk factors:

School-Based Programs: Teaching conflict resolution and dating violence prevention (e.g., Safe Dates).
Community Initiatives: Combining economic support with gender equality training to reduce intimate partner violence.
Victim Support: Screening tools, psychosocial interventions (like CBT), and protection orders.

These interventions aim to break cycles of violence across generations.

Diverse Perspectives

Historical

Scholarly debate exists regarding the origins and prevalence of violence throughout human history. Some argue for an innate predisposition, while others posit that large-scale warfare is a relatively recent phenomenon linked to agriculture and societal complexity.

Research suggests varying homicide rates across different eras and societies, with ongoing discussion about whether violence is declining.

Key debates involve interpreting archaeological evidence versus ethnographic data, and the influence of factors like population density, technology, and social structures on the rise of organized violence.

Philosophical

Philosophical perspectives explore the nature of violence, its relationship to power, and its moral implications:

State Monopoly: Max Weber's concept of the state's legitimate monopoly on the use of force.
Justification vs. Legitimacy: Hannah Arendt distinguished between justifiable violence (e.g., self-defense) and legitimate power.
Ontological Violence: Some argue that language and symbolization themselves can be inherently violent or enabling of violence.
Epistemic Violence: Harm caused by failures in understanding or acknowledging others' experiences, particularly affecting marginalized groups.

Religious

Religious perspectives on violence are complex and context-dependent. While many religions advocate for peace and non-violence, historical and contemporary instances show religion intertwined with conflict.

It is often difficult to isolate religion as the sole cause, as it frequently intersects with political, economic, and ethnic factors. Interpretations of religious texts and doctrines can be used to justify or condemn violence.

Research indicates that religious beliefs do not always linearly translate into behavior. Cultural norms and political contexts often mediate the relationship between religion and violence, making simplistic causal links problematic.

Related Concepts

Non-Violence

The practice of advocating for one's beliefs or goals without resorting to violence. It encompasses strategies like civil disobedience and passive resistance.

Conflict Resolution

Processes and techniques used to resolve disputes peacefully, including negotiation, mediation, and arbitration.

Rule of Law

The principle that all individuals and institutions are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced, and independently adjudicated, serving as a framework to prevent arbitrary violence.

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References

Fein, R.A., Vossekuil, B. & Holden, G. Threat Assessment: an approach to prevent targeted violence. NCJ 155000. Research in Action, September 1995, U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Washington, D.C.

Fein, R.A. & Vossekuil, B. "Assassination in the United States: an operational study of recent assassins, attackers, and near-lethal approaches". Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1999. 50: pp. 321â33

Borum, R., Fein, R.A., Vossekuil, B. & Berglund, J. "Threat assessment: Defining an approach for evaluating risk of targeted violence". Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 1999. 17: pp. 323â37

Schechter DS, Willheim E (2009). The Effects of Violent Experience and Maltreatment on Infants and Young Children. In CH Zeanah (Ed.). Handbook of Infant Mental Health, 3rd Edition. New York: Guilford Press, Inc. pp. 197â214.

Ford, S.E. et al. (2011). "Adverse childhood experiences and smoking status in five states". Preventive Medicine: 43, 3, 188â93.

Keith Krause, Robert Muggah, and Achim Wennmann, "Global Burden of Armed Violence," Geneva Declaration Secretariat, 2008.

Farmer, Paul, M. Connors, and J. Simmons, eds. Women, Poverty, and Aids: Sex, Drugs, and Structural Violence. Monroe: Common Courage Press, 1996.

Scheper-Hughes, Nancy. Death without Weeping: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.

M. Moore "Public Health and Criminal Justice Approaches to Prevention."1992. In Vol. 16 of Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, edited by M. Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Bratton W (with Knobler P). Turnaround: how America's top cop reversed the crime epidemic. New York: Random House, 1998

Gordon JE, "The epidemiology of accidents," American Journal of Public Health, 1949; 504â15.

Bruce S. The "A Man" campaign: marketing social norms to men to prevent sexual assault. The report on social norms. Working paper number 5. July 2002. Little Falls, NJ, PaperClip Communications, 2002.

Birdsell, Joseph B. (1986). "Some predictions for the Pleistocene based on equilibrium systems among recent hunter gatherers". In Lee, Richard; DeVore, Irven (eds.). Man the Hunter. New York: Aldine Publishing Co. p. 239.

Arendt, H. (1972) On Violence in Crises in the Republic, Florida, Harcourt, Brace and Company, pp. 134â55.

On War and Morality. Holmes, Robert L. Princeton University Press (1989) p. 293 isbn 978-1-4008-6014-2 on Google Books

A full list of references for this article are available at the Violence Wikipedia page

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Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice

This document was generated by an AI and is intended for educational and informational purposes only. The content is synthesized from publicly available data and reflects an academic perspective on the complex topic of violence.

This is not professional advice. The information presented here should not substitute for expert consultation in fields such as sociology, psychology, criminology, public health, or law. Always consult with qualified professionals for specific analyses or interventions related to violence.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any interpretations or actions taken based on the information provided.

The Anatomy of Aggression

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Defining Violence ⚖️

💥 Core Concept

🏛️ Historical Context

⚖️ Instrumental vs. Hostile

Classifications of Violence 📚

👤 Self-Inflicted

👥 Collective

🤝 Interpersonal

Consequences of Violence ⚠️

🧠 Mental Health

❤️ Physical Health

💰 Socio-Economic Costs

Global Prevalence 📊

💀 Mortality Statistics

📈 Trends and Comparisons

🗺️ Geographic Distribution

Contributing Factors 🔬

👤 Individual Level

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Relational Level

🏘️ Communal Level

🌍 Social Level

Strategies for Prevention 🛡️

⚖️ Criminal Justice Approach

🏥 Public Health Approach

🎯 Targeted Interventions

Diverse Perspectives 🧐

⏳ Historical

🤔 Philosophical

📜 Religious

Related Concepts 🔗

🕊️ Non-Violence

⚡ Conflict Resolution

⚖️ Rule of Law

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

📜 References

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To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Academic Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Defining Violence

Core Concept

Historical Context

Instrumental vs. Hostile

Classifications of Violence

Self-Inflicted

Collective

Interpersonal

Consequences of Violence

Mental Health

Physical Health

Socio-Economic Costs

Global Prevalence

Mortality Statistics

Trends and Comparisons

Geographic Distribution

Contributing Factors

Individual Level

Relational Level

Communal Level

Social Level

Strategies for Prevention

Criminal Justice Approach

Public Health Approach

Targeted Interventions

Diverse Perspectives

Historical

Philosophical

Religious

Related Concepts

Non-Violence

Conflict Resolution

Rule of Law

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice