Who is Michel Aoun, and what was his primary role in Lebanese politics?

Michel Naim Aoun is a Lebanese politician and former general who served as the 13th President of Lebanon from October 31, 2016, to October 30, 2022. He is a prominent figure in Lebanese history, having also held significant military and interim governmental roles.

When and where was Michel Aoun born, and what was his family background?

Michel Aoun was born on September 30, 1933, in Haret Hreik, a mixed Christian-Shiite suburb south of Beirut. He came from a Maronite Christian family, with his father, Naim Aoun, working as a butcher, and his mother, Marie Aoun, born in the United States. His family was generally poor.

What was Michel Aoun's early military education and career path?

Aoun joined the Military Academy in 1955 and graduated three years later as an artillery officer in the Lebanese Army. He received further military training in France at Châlons-sur-Marne in 1958-1959, where he was promoted to Second Lieutenant on September 30, 1959.

What significant military events did Michel Aoun participate in during his early career?

Michel Aoun served during the failed coup of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party in 1961, for which he was decorated. He also took part in the Tel al-Zaatar massacre during the civil war, claiming to have developed and planned the siege and storming of the camp, which resulted in its destruction and the displacement of Palestinian refugees.

How did Michel Aoun rise to the position of Commander of the Lebanese Armed Forces?

After serving as the interim commander of the 8th Infantry Brigade and participating in the Battle of Souk El Gharb, Michel Aoun was promoted to General and appointed as the tenth Commander of the Armed Forces on June 23, 1984, succeeding General Ibrahim Tannous. At 49 years old, he was the youngest person to hold this position since its establishment.

What were Michel Aoun's alleged relationships with Bachir Gemayel and Israel during his military career?

According to French journalist Alain Ménargues, Michel Aoun had strong relationships with Bachir Gemayel and Israel. It was suggested that Aoun proposed a mutual recognition agreement and a joint defense pact between Lebanon and Israel to Gemayel, and he was reportedly accompanied by Israeli officers during his patrols, even meeting with Israeli Minister of Defence Ariel Sharon.

How did Michel Aoun become an interim Prime Minister in 1988, and why was this controversial?

On September 22, 1988, outgoing President Amine Gemayel appointed Aoun as interim Prime Minister, leading a military government, just 15 minutes before his term expired. This decision was controversial because it violated the unwritten National Pact of 1943, which traditionally reserved the prime minister position for a Sunni Muslim. Gemayel, however, justified it by referencing a historical precedent and the need for a Maronite to assume presidential powers during a vacancy.

What was the outcome of Amine Gemayel's controversial appointment of Michel Aoun as interim Prime Minister?

The appointment led to the rise of two rival governments: Aoun's military and Christian-backed government in East Beirut, and a civilian, mainly Muslim government in West Beirut led by the dismissed acting Prime Minister Selim al-Huss. The Muslim members appointed to Aoun's cabinet refused to serve, claiming Syrian coercion.

What was the 'War of Liberation' declared by General Aoun in 1989?

On March 14, 1989, General Aoun declared the 'War of Liberation' against Syrian Army forces in Lebanon. This offensive was aimed at ending the Syrian military presence in the country, which Aoun viewed as an occupation.

How did Michel Aoun react to the Taif Agreement in 1989?

Michel Aoun refused to attend the Lebanese National Assembly meeting to draw up the Taif Agreement, denounced the participating politicians as traitors, and issued a decree dissolving the assembly. He further criticized the accord for not specifying a date for the withdrawal of the Syrian army from Lebanon.

What were the consequences of Aoun's refusal to recognize the newly elected presidents after the Taif Agreement?

After the Taif Accord was signed, Aoun refused to recognize the newly elected presidents, René Moawad and Elias Hrawi. He also rejected his dismissal as army commander by President Hrawi, leading to continued political instability and military clashes.

Describe the 'War of Elimination' offensive launched by General Aoun in February 1990.

In February 1990, General Aoun launched an offensive, known as the 'War of Elimination,' against Samir Geagea's Lebanese Forces (LF) in East Beirut. This three-month period of intermittent fighting caused more destruction in the Christian part of Beirut than the preceding 15 years of civil war, resulting in approximately 1000 deaths and severe damage to infrastructure.

What external factors contributed to the Syrian forces' decisive operation against Aoun in October 1990?

The Gulf War played a crucial role, as Saddam Hussein, who had been an ally of Aoun, invaded Kuwait. Syrian President Hafez al-Assad sided with the US-led coalition against Iraq, and this choice was rewarded with a 'green light' to crush Aoun's revolt in Lebanon.

What happened to Michel Aoun on October 13, 1990?

On October 13, 1990, Syrian forces launched a decisive attack against Aoun's strongholds, including the Presidential Palace in Baabda, resulting in hundreds of Lebanese soldiers and civilians being killed. Aoun fled to the French Embassy in Beirut, declared his surrender, and was later granted asylum in France, where he lived in exile for 15 years.

How did Michel Aoun spend his 15 years in exile in France?

During his exile, Michel Aoun was granted political asylum in France after negotiations with the Lebanese government. He established the Free Patriotic Movement (FPM) on July 14, 1994, and actively advocated for the Syria Accountability Act by testifying in the US Congress to push for an end to the Syrian occupation of Lebanon.

When and why did Michel Aoun return to Lebanon from exile?

Michel Aoun returned to Lebanon on May 7, 2005, ending 15 years of self-imposed exile. His return followed the withdrawal of the Syrian Army from Lebanon, which was triggered by widespread demonstrations known as the Cedar Revolution, sparked by the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafic Hariri in February 2005.

What was the significance of the 2005 Lebanese general election for Michel Aoun's Free Patriotic Movement?

In the 2005 elections, despite opposing the electoral law and facing a quadruple alliance of major political parties, Aoun's Free Patriotic Movement (FPM) made a strong showing. It won 21 seats, becoming the largest Christian bloc and the second-biggest bloc in the Lebanese Parliament, and Aoun himself was elected to the National Assembly.

What was the 'memorandum of understanding' signed between the FPM and Hezbollah in 2006?

In 2006, Michel Aoun and Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Hezbollah, signed a memorandum of understanding at Mar Mikhayel Church. This agreement aimed to organize their relationship, discuss Hezbollah's disarmament under certain conditions, establish normal diplomatic relations with Syria, and seek information about Lebanese political prisoners in Syria and the return of the diaspora from Israel.

How did Michel Aoun's political alignment change after the 2006 memorandum of understanding with Hezbollah?

Following the signing of the memorandum of understanding with Hezbollah in 2006, Michel Aoun and his Free Patriotic Movement became part of the March 8 Alliance, a significant shift in his political alignment. This alliance has remained a key feature of Lebanese politics since then.

What role did Michel Aoun play in the Lebanese anti-government protests of 2006–2008?

On December 1, 2006, Michel Aoun declared the Lebanese government unconstitutional, citing corruption, and called for its resignation. This led to hundreds of thousands of his supporters, along with those of the Amal Movement and Hezbollah, gathering in Downtown Beirut to pressure Prime Minister Fouad Siniora to step down.

When did the Free Patriotic Movement first participate in a Lebanese government, and which ministries did its members hold?

The Free Patriotic Movement first participated in a Lebanese government on July 11, 2008. Its members included Issam Abu Jamra as Deputy-Prime Minister, Gebran Bassil as Minister of Telecommunications, and Mario Aoun as Minister of Social Affairs.

What was the outcome of the 2009 Lebanese elections for the FPM, and how did Aoun influence government formation?

In the 2009 elections, the Free Patriotic Movement (FPM) secured 27 parliamentary seats, with Michel Aoun winning one from Keserwan. Aoun exerted strong political pressure for six months, refusing to participate in any government that offered less representation than in 2008, eventually leading Prime Minister Saad Hariri to concede and grant the FPM three ministries: telecommunications, energy and water, and tourism.

How did Michel Aoun's actions lead to the toppling of Saad Hariri's government in 2011?

On January 12, 2011, Michel Aoun orchestrated the toppling of Saad Hariri's government through the resignation of the FPM ministers and their allies. This move was a result of Aoun's political maneuvering to gain more influence in the government.

What was the significance of the Maarab Agreement in Michel Aoun's path to the presidency?

The Maarab Agreement, signed in 2016, marked a historic reconciliation between Michel Aoun and Lebanese Forces (LF) leader Samir Geagea, who had been long-standing rivals. This agreement led to Geagea officially endorsing Aoun's presidential candidacy, providing a significant boost to his bid and uniting key Christian parties.

What made Michel Aoun's election as president in 2016 particularly notable?

Michel Aoun's election on October 31, 2016, was notable for several reasons: it ended a 29-month presidential vacuum, required 46 parliamentary sessions to achieve a quorum, and he became the oldest president to take office at 83 years old. He returned to the presidential palace exactly 26 years after being forced out by Syrian forces.

Describe the voting process that led to Michel Aoun's election as president.

In the first round of voting, Aoun received 83 votes, falling short of the required two-thirds majority (85 votes). The second round had to be repeated three times due to a discrepancy in the number of ballots (128 envelopes instead of 127 MPs). In the final successful second round, Aoun secured 83 votes, which met the absolute majority requirement of 64 votes, leading to his election.

What were the initial pledges Michel Aoun made upon being sworn in as president?

Upon being sworn in as president, Michel Aoun pledged political and economic reform for Lebanon. He also urged for a 'real partnership' among the notoriously divided Lebanese political factions, aiming to foster unity and progress.

Who did President Aoun designate to form the 'Second Hariri Cabinet' after his election?

After his election, President Aoun designated Saad Hariri to form a new cabinet following binding parliamentary consultations. This marked Hariri's second time holding the position of Prime Minister, and the cabinet was formed as a national unity government with 30 ministers.

What was the '2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute' during Aoun's presidency?

The 2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute began when Prime Minister Saad Hariri resigned from office in Saudi Arabia, blaming Iran's policies and interference in Lebanese affairs, and describing Hezbollah as a threat. Aoun later informed foreign ambassadors that Hariri was being detained in Saudi Arabia, leading to a crisis that eventually saw Hariri return to Lebanon and withdraw his resignation.

What significant bill did President Aoun sign into law in August 2017?

In August 2017, President Aoun signed the country's first animal protection bill into law. This legislation guaranteed that both domestic and wild animals in Lebanon would be legally protected from abuse.

What triggered the large-scale anti-government protests in Lebanon starting in October 2019?

The large-scale anti-government demonstrations, often referred to as the '17 October revolution,' were initially triggered by a proposed tax on messaging applications and a rise in gas and tobacco prices. However, they quickly escalated into a broader revolution against economic stagnation, cabinet failure, unemployment, political corruption, Lebanon's sectarian and hereditary political system, and the government's inability to provide essential services like water, electricity, and sanitation.

How did President Aoun respond to the 2019 protests, and what was the public's reaction to his statements?

President Aoun initially expressed willingness to hold a dialogue with protesters and supported Prime Minister Hariri's reforms, suggesting a review of the government within 'state institutions.' However, in a live interview on November 12, he rejected calls for a fully technocratic government, warned against a bank run, and accused protesters of 'stabbing the nation with a dagger' and 'violating international law,' suggesting dissatisfied individuals could leave Lebanon. This interview proved exceedingly unpopular and led to increased protests and road blockages.

Who was appointed Prime Minister after Saad Hariri's resignation during the 2019-2020 Lebanese protests?

Following Saad Hariri's resignation amidst the 2019-2020 Lebanese protests, President Michel Aoun appointed Hassan Diab as the new Prime Minister. Diab's cabinet was formed on January 21, 2020.

What was the impact of the 2020 Beirut explosion on Hassan Diab's government?

The 2020 Beirut explosion on August 4, which caused widespread death, injury, and damage, led to immense public anger. As a result, Hassan Diab's government resigned on August 10, 2020, though President Aoun asked them to continue in a caretaker capacity until a new cabinet could be formed.

What was Michel Aoun's stance on the ammonium nitrate stored at the Port of Beirut before the 2020 explosion?

Michel Aoun denied allegations of direct involvement in the 2020 Beirut explosion but admitted to being aware of the ammonium nitrate stored at the Port of Beirut. The substance had been stored in a warehouse without proper safety measures for six years prior to the catastrophic blast.

When did Michel Aoun's presidential term officially end, and what was the immediate political situation regarding his successor?

Michel Aoun's presidential term officially ended on October 31, 2022. He signed the government's resignation decree a day before, leaving Prime Minister Najib Mikati's government in a caretaker capacity, as no successor had been designated, leading to a power vacuum.

Who eventually succeeded Michel Aoun as President of Lebanon, and when?

Joseph Aoun, who is unrelated to Michel Aoun and served as Commander of the Lebanese Armed Forces during Michel Aoun's presidency, was elected to succeed him as President of Lebanon in January 2025, following a two-year vacancy in the office.

What was a key aspect of Michel Aoun's political strategy after the Syrian occupation of Lebanon ended?

After the end of the Syrian occupation, a key aspect of Michel Aoun's political strategy was to improve Lebanon's relationship with Syria. He also aimed to treat all Lebanese parties as potential partners in the country's process of change and reform, as exemplified by the memorandum of understanding with Hezbollah.

How did Michel Aoun explain his shift from aligning with the West to forging an alliance with the 'Axis of Resistance'?

In a May 2008 speech, Aoun explained his shift by stating that the West's interests lay with Israel and oil-producing countries, not with Lebanon, and that Western policies had led to the extinction of Christians in other Middle Eastern countries. He believed that coordinating with all elements of Lebanese society and neighboring countries was necessary to build strong, mutual relations and prevent Lebanon's Christians from being marginalized.

What was Michel Aoun's view on Hezbollah's right to bear arms?

Michel Aoun consistently defended Hezbollah's right to bear arms, framing its military capabilities as essential for Lebanon. He stated in February that the 'arms of the resistance' were needed to fight 'against the Israeli occupation.'

What was Michel Aoun's personal connection to the United States?

Michel Aoun had strong personal connections to the United States: his grandfather and cousins fought in the American army, his mother was born in Jaffrey, New Hampshire, his sister and her family live in the United States, and he himself studied there.

What was Michel Aoun's perspective on Lebanon's role in the Middle East, as expressed in a 1995 interview?

In a December 1995 interview with the Middle East Quarterly, Michel Aoun stated that Lebanon is an 'antidote to much that is wrong with the Middle East.' He argued that if Lebanon fails, the hope for tolerant societies in the region would be lost, as fundamentalist Islam could lead to fundamentalist Judaism, and no land of tolerance would emerge without Lebanon.

What was Michel Aoun's later stance on Lebanese detainees in Syria, and why was it criticized?

In 2015, Michel Aoun stated that there were no Lebanese detainees remaining in Syria. This claim was later proven false after the fall of the Assad regime, when thousands of prisoners, including multiple Lebanese who had been held and tortured since the Lebanese Civil War, were freed. Aoun faced heavy criticism for his perceived neglect and political opponents called for his accountability.

What national decorations has Michel Aoun received?

Michel Aoun has received several national decorations, including the Medal of 31 December 1961, the War medal (four times), the Knight, Officer, and Grand Cordon ranks of the National Order of the Cedar, the Lebanese order of merit (Second and First class), and the Medal of Battle Wounds.

What foreign decorations has Michel Aoun been awarded?

Michel Aoun has been awarded two foreign decorations: the Commander of the French Legion of Honor, and the Grand Cross of the French Legion of Honor, which he received from Emmanuel Macron on September 27, 2017.

Michel Aoun Wiki: Michel Aoun: Architect of Modern Lebanese Politics

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Early Life

Origins and Education

Born Michel Naim Aoun on September 30, 1933, in Haret Hreik, a suburb south of Beirut, his family hailed from Haret el Maknouniye, Jezzine. Raised in a Maronite Christian family of modest means, his father, Naim Aoun, worked as a butcher, and his mother, Marie Aoun, was born in the United States.^[5] He completed his secondary education at the College Des Frères Furn Al Chebbak in 1955, earning a degree in Mathematics, before embarking on a military career.

Military Academy & Initial Training

Aoun enrolled in the Military Academy as a cadet officer in 1955, graduating three years later as an artillery officer in the Lebanese Army.^[6] His early military development included further training in France at Châlons-sur-Marne, which he completed in 1959, leading to his promotion to Second Lieutenant on September 30 of that year.^[5]

Early Service & Recognition

His dedication was recognized early in his career; he served during the failed coup attempt by the Syrian Social Nationalist Party in 1961 and was subsequently decorated for his involvement.^[7] Further training took him to Fort Sill in Oklahoma, after which he assumed roles as Assistant Commander of the Second Artillery Battalion, Commander of the Command and Service Company, and Commander of the Administrative Detachment by 1970.^[5]

Military Career

Command & Controversies

At the onset of the Lebanese Civil War, Aoun commanded the Second Artillery Corps. He participated in the siege and storming of the Tel al-Zaatar Palestinian refugee camp, an operation he claimed to have developed and planned, leading to its destruction and the displacement of refugees.^[8]^[9]^[10] After further training in France in 1978, he returned to command the 8th Infantry Brigade, notably protecting the Borj Al Barajneh camp and fighting in the Battle of Souk El Gharb during the Mountain War.^[11]

Commander of the Army

On June 23, 1984, at the age of 49, Aoun was promoted to General and appointed the tenth Commander of the Lebanese Armed Forces, becoming the youngest to hold this position since its inception.^[13]^[14] During this period, he reportedly cultivated strong relationships with figures like Bachir Gemayel and Israel, even meeting with Israeli Minister of Defence Ariel Sharon, and proposing a mutual recognition and defense pact between Lebanon and Israel.^[15]

Rival Governments: 1988

In a controversial move on September 22, 1988, outgoing President Amine Gemayel appointed Aoun as interim Prime Minister, leading a military government. This decision, made just before Gemayel's term expired, dismissed the existing civilian government and violated the unwritten National Pact, which traditionally reserved the premiership for a Sunni Muslim.^[16] This led to the emergence of two rival governments: Aoun's Christian military cabinet in East Beirut and a Muslim civilian administration in West Beirut, supported by Syria.^[16]>

Gemayel justified his decision by referencing a 1952 precedent where a Christian Maronite general was appointed prime minister during a presidential vacancy, arguing that the prime minister assumes presidential powers in such a scenario. However, this move exacerbated sectarian divisions and plunged Lebanon into further political instability.^[18]>

War of Liberation: 1989

On March 14, 1989, General Aoun initiated the "War of Liberation" against Syrian Army forces in Lebanon, aiming to end their presence. This period was marked by intense fighting, including an offensive against Samir Geagea's Lebanese Forces and blockades of unregulated seaports.^[21] He vehemently opposed the Taif Agreement, which sought to resolve the civil war, criticizing it for not specifying a Syrian troop withdrawal timeline.^[28]>

February 1989: Launched offensive against Lebanese Forces positions around Christian East Beirut.^[19]
March 1989: Initiated a blockade against unregulated seaports south of Beirut, leading to indiscriminate artillery barrages.^[21]
October 1989: Refused to attend the Taif Agreement discussions and issued a decree dissolving the National Assembly.^[28]
February 1990: Launched another offensive against Samir Geagea's Lebanese Forces, causing extensive damage in Christian East Beirut.^[31]
October 12, 1990: Survived an assassination attempt while addressing supporters.^[34]
October 13, 1990: Syrian forces attacked the presidential palace in Baabda, forcing Aoun to seek refuge at the French Embassy and order his units to surrender.^[35]

Years in Exile

Asylum and FPM Founding

After surrendering to Syrian forces, Michel Aoun was granted political asylum in France. Following months of negotiations, he received conditional amnesty and departed for France on a French warship on August 29, 1991, beginning a 15-year period of exile.^[39] During this time, on July 14, 1994, he established the Free Patriotic Movement (FPM), which he termed "The National Conference," laying the groundwork for his future political endeavors.^[39]>

US Engagement & Advocacy

From 2001, Aoun actively engaged with Lebanese American organizations and expatriates to influence American public opinion regarding Lebanon, which at the time largely supported the Syrian presence.^[39] He collaborated with US Representative Eliot Engel to propose legislation aimed at ending the occupation. Despite initial setbacks, including delays in visa issuance and the September 11 attacks, Aoun testified in Congress on September 17, 2003, advocating for the Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act.^[42]>

Congressional Testimony & Impact

Aoun's testimony critically assailed Syria's role in Lebanon, leading to condemnation from the Lebanese Council of Ministers and pro-Syrian factions, who accused him of conspiring with the "Zionist Lobby."^[43] Nevertheless, the Syria Accountability Act was overwhelmingly approved by both the Senate and the House, and signed into law by President George W. Bush on December 11, 2003.^[45] This period also saw a surprising near-win for an Aounist candidate in a key by-election, signaling growing support for his movement.^[46]>

Cedar Revolution & Return

The assassination of Rafic Hariri in February 2005 ignited the Cedar Revolution, a series of widespread demonstrations that ultimately led to the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon. This pivotal moment paved the way for Aoun's return to Lebanon on May 7, 2005, ending his 15-year exile.^[47] His return was met with a convoy of loyalists and journalists, and he publicly reconciled with former adversaries, including Sethrida Geagea, wife of the imprisoned Lebanese Forces leader Samir Geagea, and received delegations from various political and religious communities, including Hezbollah.^[48]>

Political Career

Electoral Ascendancy: 2005

In the May 2005 elections, conducted under an electoral law criticized for marginalizing Christian representation, Aoun's Free Patriotic Movement (FPM) faced a formidable "quadruple alliance" of both anti-Syrian and pro-Syrian parties.^[49] Despite this, the FPM achieved a strong showing, securing 21 of the 58 contested seats, including nearly all in the Christian heartland of Mount Lebanon, and major Christian districts like Zahle and Metn.^[50] Aoun himself was elected to the National Assembly, and the FPM emerged as the largest Christian bloc and the second-largest overall in the Lebanese Parliament.

Strategic Alliances

A significant shift in Aoun's political trajectory occurred in 2006 when he signed a memorandum of understanding with Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah at Mar Mikhayel Church. This agreement, symbolizing Christian-Muslim coexistence, outlined their relationship and discussed Hezbollah's disarmament under specific conditions, as well as the importance of diplomatic relations with Syria and the issue of Lebanese political prisoners.^[52] This alliance integrated Aoun and the FPM into the March 8 Alliance.^[54] Despite his past "War of Liberation" against Syria, Aoun visited Damascus in 2008, signaling an end to his long-standing rivalry with the Syrian regime.^[120]>

Government Participation

Aoun's political influence grew, leading to the FPM's first participation in a Lebanese government in July 2008, with three FPM members appointed as ministers.^[56] Following the 2009 elections, where the FPM secured 27 parliamentary seats, Aoun exerted strong political pressure, leading to the FPM receiving three key ministries in Saad Hariri's government.^[57] In January 2011, Aoun orchestrated the toppling of the Hariri government through the resignation of FPM ministers, leading to a new government under Najib Mikati where Aoun's bloc held ten ministries.

2016 Presidential Candidacy

Aoun's long-held presidential ambitions gained significant momentum in 2016. A historic reconciliation with Lebanese Forces leader Samir Geagea, marked by the signing of the Maarab Agreement, led to Geagea's official endorsement of Aoun's candidacy.^[58] This agreement, built on a Declaration of Intent, addressed critical national issues such as the Taif Accord, border control, and a new electoral law.^[58] Further endorsements from the Future Movement, Progressive Socialist Party, and Hezbollah solidified his path to the presidency, ending a prolonged political deadlock.^[66]>

Presidency (2016–2022)

Election & Inauguration

On October 31, 2016, after 45 failed attempts to achieve a parliamentary quorum, Michel Aoun was elected the 13th President of Lebanon, ending a 29-month presidential vacuum.^[67] The election required multiple rounds of voting due to an initial failure to secure the two-thirds majority, and irregularities in ballot counting.^[68] Aoun was sworn in, pledging political and economic reform and advocating for "real partnership" among Lebanon's diverse political factions. His return to the Baabda Presidential Palace marked a significant moment, 26 years after he was forced out by Syrian forces.^[67]>

Forty-sixth Parliamentary Electoral Session

Candidates	First Round Votes	First Round %	Fourth Round Votes	Fourth Round %
Michel Aoun	84	66.14	83	65.35
Gilberte Zouein	1	0.78	-	-
Sethrida Tawk	-	-	1	0.78
Invalid/Blank Votes	42	33.06	43	33.85
Total	127	100	127	100
Eligible Voters	127	100	127	100

*The second and third rounds were cancelled due to discrepancies in vote counts.

Hariri Cabinets & Policies

Following his election, Aoun designated Saad Hariri to form a new cabinet, leading to the Second Hariri Cabinet, a 30-minister national unity government that secured parliamentary confidence.^[69] In November 2017, Hariri controversially resigned from Saudi Arabia, citing Iranian interference and Hezbollah as threats, a move Iran and Hezbollah viewed as a Saudi declaration of war.^[70] Aoun's intervention led to Hariri suspending and later withdrawing his resignation.^[74] Aoun also signed Lebanon's first animal protection bill into law in August 2017.^[75] The Third Hariri Cabinet was formed in January 2019 after nine months of negotiations.^[76]>

National Crises & Succession

Aoun's presidency was marked by significant national crises. Large-scale anti-government protests, known as the "17 October Revolution," erupted in 2019, driven by economic stagnation, corruption, and the government's inability to provide basic services.^[78] Aoun's response, including rejecting a fully technocratic government and urging an end to protests, was met with public dissatisfaction.^[82] The 2020 Beirut port explosion, caused by improperly stored ammonium nitrate, further exacerbated public anger, leading to the resignation of Hassan Diab's cabinet.^[106] Aoun's term ended on October 31, 2022, without a designated successor, leaving a presidential vacuum until Joseph Aoun (unrelated) was elected in January 2025.^{[4]>^[113]>}

Political Strategy

Shifting Alliances & Reform

Aoun's political strategy has been characterized by pragmatic alliances and a declared "war against corruption." His memorandum of understanding with Hezbollah in 2006 marked a significant shift, integrating his Free Patriotic Movement into the March 8 Alliance.^[114] Following the Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon, Aoun actively sought to improve relations with Syria, viewing all Lebanese parties as potential partners in the nation's reform process. This approach aimed to foster national unity and stability in a deeply fractured political landscape.

Succession Planning

In 2015, Aoun strategically sponsored the candidacy of his son-in-law, Foreign Minister Gebran Bassil, for the FPM leadership post. Bassil was elected by acclamation after Aoun's nephew, MP Alain Aoun, withdrew from the race, consolidating family influence within the party.^[115] This move underscored a long-term vision for the FPM's leadership and its continued role in Lebanese politics, ensuring a degree of continuity in the movement's direction.

Political Views

Perspective on the West

Michel Aoun has articulated a nuanced view of Western engagement in the Middle East. In a May 2008 speech, he explained his pivot away from the West towards the "Axis of Resistance," asserting that Western interests primarily align with Israel and oil-producing nations, often at Lebanon's expense.^[116] He contended that Western policies have contributed to the exodus of Christians from the Middle East, contrasting this with the return of Christians to Lebanon, which he attributed to his chosen path of coordination within Lebanese society and with neighboring countries.

Iran & Hezbollah

Aoun's political bloc has maintained a crucial alliance with Hezbollah, which has been instrumental to his political resilience. He has consistently defended Hezbollah's right to bear arms, framing their military capabilities as indispensable for Lebanon's defense against Israeli occupation.^[117] This alliance has also provided Hezbollah with Christian credibility, enabling them to broaden their political influence, particularly concerning the presidential office.^[118]>

United States Relations

Despite his criticisms, Aoun has expressed a deep respect for the United States, citing his family's ties (grandfather and cousins in the American army, mother born in New Hampshire) and his own education there.^[119] In a 1995 interview, he voiced regret over the American stance on Lebanon, emphasizing Lebanon's unique role as an "antidote" to regional fundamentalism. He argued that the failure of Lebanon would extinguish the hope for tolerant societies in the Middle East, positioning Lebanon as a vital beacon of coexistence.^[119]>

Shifting Stance on Syria

Initially a fierce opponent of Syrian military presence, having waged a "war of liberation" during the Civil War, Aoun's stance evolved significantly after his return from exile. He began advocating for improved relations with Syria, declaring their past rivalry "an old story that is now over."^[120] His 2008 visit to Damascus and talks with President Bashar al-Assad signaled a "bright future" for bilateral ties.^[120] As president, he maintained a friendly position, dispatching ministers to secure the return of Syrian refugees.^[121] However, his 2015 assertion that no Lebanese detainees remained in Syria was later disproven by the release of thousands of prisoners after the fall of the Assad regime, leading to significant criticism.^[122]>

Personal Life

Family & Political Ties

Michel Aoun married Nadia El-Chami on November 30, 1968, and they have three daughters, all of whom have significant roles or connections within Lebanese politics.^[123] Mireille Aoun serves as his personal advisor and is married to Roy Hachem, CEO of Aoun's OTV.^[125] Claudine Aoun, President of the Arab Women Organization and the National Commission For Lebanese Women, is married to Brigadier-General Chamel Roukoz, a decorated officer and Member of Parliament.^[126] Chantal Aoun is married to Gebran Bassil, whom she met at an FPM conference in Paris in 1996. Bassil succeeded Aoun as president of the Free Patriotic Movement in 2015 and served as a minister in various cabinets.^[126]>

Extended Political Family

Aoun's nephew, Alain Aoun, has also carved out a notable political career, serving as a Member of Parliament, elected in 2009, 2018, and 2022.^[125] It is important to note that Michel Aoun is unrelated to Joseph Aoun, who served as Commander of the Lebanese Armed Forces during his presidency and later succeeded him as President of Lebanon in 2025.^[127]>

Honors

National Decorations

Michel Aoun has received numerous national decorations recognizing his extensive military and public service to Lebanon. These accolades underscore his significant contributions to the nation's defense and leadership throughout his distinguished career.

Ribbon	Description	Notes
	Medal of 31 December 1961	Received on December 30, 1963.^[128]
	War Medal	Received 4 times.^[128]
	Knight of the National Order of the Cedar	^[128]
	Officer of the National Order of the Cedar	^[128]
	Grand Cordon of the National Order of the Cedar	^[128]
	Lebanese Order of Merit - Second Class	^[128]
	Lebanese Order of Merit - First Class	^[128]
	Medal of Battle Wounds	^[128]

Foreign Decorations

Beyond national recognition, Michel Aoun has also been honored with prestigious foreign decorations, reflecting his international standing and diplomatic engagements during his career.

Ribbon	Description	Notes
	Commander of the French Legion of Honor	^[128]
	Grand Cross of the French Legion of Honour	Received from Emmanuel Macron on September 27, 2017.^[129]

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References

Middle East International No 345, 3 March 1989; Jim Muir pp.8,9

Middle East International No 346, 17 March 1989; Jim Muir pp.6,7

Middle East International No 347, 31 March 1989; Jim Muir pp.3,4

Middle East International No 390, 21 December 1990; Jim Muir p.12

Middle East International No 369, 16 February 1990; Jim Muir pp.5â6. No 375, 11 May 1990; Jim Muir pp.11â12

Middle East International No 388, 23 November 1990; Jim Muir p.9 Green light from Israel and US

Huge Beirut rally demands change, BBC, 1 December 2006

Former Lebanese President Aoun to meet with Assad in Syria: Lebanese media The New Arab

A full list of references for this article are available at the Michel Aoun Wikipedia page

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Michel Aoun: Architect of Modern Lebanese Politics

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Early Life 🌱

🏡 Origins and Education

🎓 Military Academy & Initial Training

🎖️ Early Service & Recognition

Military Career ⚔️

🛡️ Command & Controversies

🌟 Commander of the Army

🤝 Rival Governments: 1988

🔥 War of Liberation: 1989

Years in Exile ✈️

🇫🇷 Asylum and FPM Founding

🇺🇸 US Engagement & Advocacy

📢 Congressional Testimony & Impact

🇱🇧 Cedar Revolution & Return

Political Career 🗳️

📈 Electoral Ascendancy: 2005

🤝 Strategic Alliances

🏛️ Government Participation

👑 2016 Presidential Candidacy

Presidency (2016–2022) 🇱🇧

✅ Election & Inauguration

Forty-sixth Parliamentary Electoral Session

cabinet Hariri Cabinets & Policies

🚨 National Crises & Succession

Political Strategy ♟️

🔄 Shifting Alliances & Reform

👨‍👧‍👦 Succession Planning

Political Views 🗣️

🌍 Perspective on the West

🇮🇷 Iran & Hezbollah

🇺🇸 United States Relations

🇸🇾 Shifting Stance on Syria

Personal Life 👨‍👩‍👧

💖 Family & Political Ties

🔗 Extended Political Family

Honors 🏅

🏆 National Decorations

🌐 Foreign Decorations

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References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Early Life

Origins and Education

Military Academy & Initial Training

Early Service & Recognition

Military Career

Command & Controversies

Commander of the Army

Rival Governments: 1988

War of Liberation: 1989

Years in Exile

Asylum and FPM Founding

US Engagement & Advocacy

Congressional Testimony & Impact

Cedar Revolution & Return

Political Career

Electoral Ascendancy: 2005

Strategic Alliances

Government Participation

2016 Presidential Candidacy

Presidency (2016–2022)

Election & Inauguration

Hariri Cabinets & Policies

National Crises & Succession

Political Strategy

Shifting Alliances & Reform

Succession Planning

Political Views

Perspective on the West

Iran & Hezbollah

United States Relations

Shifting Stance on Syria

Personal Life

Family & Political Ties

Extended Political Family

Honors

National Decorations

Foreign Decorations

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice