What is the primary identity of the Piegan people as described in the text?

The Piegan are identified as an Algonquian-speaking people from the North American Great Plains. They are recognized as the largest of the three groups that constitute the Blackfeet Confederacy.

How did the establishment of national borders between Canada and the United States impact the Piegan people?

Following the division of their homelands by the Canada-US border, the Piegan people were compelled to sign treaties with either Canada or the United States. This led to their settlement on reservations within one of the two countries and enrollment in government-sanctioned bodies.

What are the two modern governmental entities that emerged from the historical Piegan people?

The two successor groups are the Blackfeet Nation, a federally recognized tribe in northwestern Montana, USA, and the Piikani Nation, a recognized "band" in Alberta, Canada.

Where is the tribal headquarters for the Blackfeet Nation located?

The tribal headquarters for the Blackfeet Nation is located in Browning, Montana.

What were the reported total populations identifying as Blackfeet in the 1990 and 2010 US Censuses?

The 1990 United States census recorded 32,234 Blackfeet. In 2010, the US Census reported 105,304 individuals identifying as Blackfeet, either alone or in combination with other races or tribes.

Besides "Piegan," what other names are used to refer to this group?

The Piegan are also known by names such as Pikuni, Piikuni, Piikani, and Piikáani.

What are the other two original tribes that form the Blackfeet Confederacy?

The other two original tribes of the Blackfeet Confederacy are the Kainai Nation, also known as the "Blood Tribe," and the Siksika Nation, also called the "Blackfeet Nation."

What collective terms are sometimes used to refer to the Siksika, Kainai, and Piegan together?

Collectively, these three groups are sometimes referred to as "the Blackfoot" or "the Blackfoot Confederacy."

What term is most commonly used in ethnographic literature to refer to these people?

Ethnographic literature most commonly uses the term "Blackfeet people" to refer to this group.

What term do the Canadian Blackfeet people use for themselves in the singular?

Canadian Blackfeet people use the singular term "Blackfeet."

What is the Blackfeet language term for a Blackfeet person, and how might it be used in English?

The Blackfeet language term is Siksikáíkoan, and in English, an individual might say, "I am Blackfeet" or "I am a member of the Blackfeet tribe."

How were traditional Plains peoples organized into social units?

Traditionally, Plains peoples were divided into "bands," which were groups of families that migrated together for purposes of hunting and defense.

What significant archaeological finding in Montana provided insights into ancient human DNA and its connection to modern Native Americans?

In 2014, researchers sequenced the DNA of a 12,500+-year-old infant skeleton found in west-central Montana. This skeleton was discovered near Clovis culture artifacts and showed strong genetic affinities with all existing Native American populations.

According to linguistic studies, where did the ancestors of the Blackfoot people likely reside for an extended period?

Linguistic studies suggest that the Blackfoot language, part of the Algonquian family, indicates that the Blackfoot people had long lived in an area west of the Great Lakes.

How did the adoption of horses and guns influence the Piegan people's lifestyle and cultural identity?

The adoption of horses and guns allowed the Piegan people to expand their range for bison hunting, leading them to become part of the Plains Indian cultures in the early 19th century. Their lifestyle shifted from partly nomadic with some agriculture to a greater reliance on hunting across a wider territory.

Where is the traditional Blackfoot creation story said to be set?

The Blackfoot creation story is traditionally set near Glacier National Park in an area now known as the Badger-Two Medicine.

Around what year is the introduction of the horse to the Piegan people placed, and why did they acquire them?

The introduction of the horse to the Piegan is placed around 1730. They obtained horses from the Kutenai, Salish, and Nez Perce peoples primarily due to raids by the Shoshoni.

Who were among the first European-descended individuals to have recorded contact with the Piegan people?

The fur trader James Gaddy and the Hudson's Bay Company explorer David Thompson were among the first Europeans recorded as camping with a group of Piegan during the winter of 1787–1788.

What factors led to significant population declines among the Blackfeet people in the 19th century?

The Blackfeet people experienced dramatic population declines due to infectious disease epidemics, to which they had no natural immunity, and from starvation caused by the disruption of food supplies and warfare.

What specific disease epidemic severely impacted the Blackfeet population in 1837?

The 1837 smallpox epidemic on the Plains was particularly devastating, killing an estimated 6,000 Blackfeet, along with thousands more in other tribes.

What event marked the "starvation year" for the Blackfeet?

The year 1882 became known as the starvation year after the last buffalo hunt failed, leading to severe food shortages.

What were the approximate populations of Blackfoot people in 1900 and 1906?

In 1900, there were an estimated 20,000 Blackfoot. By 1906, there were 2,072 individuals counted under the Blackfeet Agency in Montana and 493 under the Piegan band in Alberta, Canada.

How does the current population of individuals identifying as Piegan Blackfeet compare to historical figures?

In the early 21st century, there are over 35,000 Piegan Blackfeet. The US 2010 census specifically reported 105,304 people identifying as Piegan Blackfeet, with 27,279 being full-blooded and the remainder identifying with multiple ancestries but primarily as Blackfeet.

How does the size of the current Blackfeet Reservation in Montana compare to the state of Delaware?

The Blackfeet Reservation in Montana is currently comparable in size to the state of Delaware.

What is a fundamental belief held by the Blackfeet regarding a sacred force?

The Blackfeet hold a belief in a sacred force that permeates all things, which they symbolically represent through the sun, as its light sustains all life.

What unique social role is mentioned for some Blackfeet women?

The text mentions the existence of "manly-hearted women" among the Blackfeet, who acted in many of the social roles typically held by men, including singing alone in a style usually considered immodest and associated with men.

Who was Earl Old Person, and what recognition did he receive?

Earl Old Person was the former Chief of the Blackfeet Tribe in Montana. He was honored by being added to the Montana Indian Hall of Fame in 2007.

Who was Helen Piotopowaka Clarke, and what distinction did she achieve?

Helen Piotopowaka Clarke was an actress, educator, and bureaucrat who was one of the first women elected to public office in Montana.

What notable works are associated with the author and poet James Welch?

James Welch, an author and poet, is known for his historical non-fiction work *Killing Custer: The Battle of Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians*, and his award-winning novel *Fools Crow*, which is based on the Blackfeet tribe and its culture.

Who was John Two Guns White Calf, and what was his role in promoting Glacier National Park?

John Two Guns White Calf was a chief who gained fame for his efforts in promoting Glacier National Park on behalf of the Great Northern Railway.

What recognition has author Stephen Graham Jones received for his work?

Stephen Graham Jones has received a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship and the Independent Publisher Book Award for Multicultural Fiction, among other accolades.

What unique statement has Stephen Graham Jones made about his short story "Bestiary"?

Stephen Graham Jones has stated at public readings that his short story "Bestiary" is not fiction, implying a basis in reality or personal experience.

Who is Lily Gladstone, and what significant award did she recently receive?

Lily Gladstone is an actress of Piegan Blackfeet and Nez Perce heritage. She is notable for being the first Native American to win the Golden Globe award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama.

For which role did Lily Gladstone win her Golden Globe award?

Lily Gladstone won her Golden Globe award for her portrayal of Mollie Kyle in the film adaptation of David Grann's book, *Killers of the Flower Moon*.

What is the subject of "The Buffalo Hunter Hunter," a work by Stephen Graham Jones?

"The Buffalo Hunter Hunter" by Stephen Graham Jones centers on a Piegan Blackfeet man who becomes a vampire and seeks revenge for injustices committed by the United States government against his people and their land.

Who was George Bird Grinnell, and what was his contribution regarding the Blackfeet Nation?

George Bird Grinnell was a European-American author and ethnologist who wrote extensively about the Blackfeet Nation based on his travels and research as a conservationist.

What was James Willard Schultz's Blackfoot name, and what was his connection to the Blackfeet people?

James Willard Schultz's Blackfoot name was Apikuni. He was an author, explorer, Glacier National Park guide, fur trader, and historian who wrote 37 fiction and non-fiction books about the Blackfeet and related tribes.

What historical event concerning the Piegan Blackfeet is listed under the "See also" section?

The Marias massacre is listed under the "See also" section.

What does the Blackfoot language indicate about the historical presence of the Blackfoot people in relation to the Great Lakes?

Linguistic studies comparing the Blackfoot language to others in the Algonquian family suggest that the Blackfoot people have historically lived west of the Great Lakes for a significant period.

How is the Piegan people's historical territory described in relation to modern political boundaries?

Historically, the Blackfeet people controlled large portions of what are now Alberta, Canada, and Montana, USA.

What is the significance of the term "Amskapi Pikuni" within the Blackfoot Confederacy context?

Amskapi Pikuni, also known as South Piegan or Blackfeet, is listed as one of the Blackfoot-speaking tribes or nations within the Blackfoot Confederacy.

What was the approximate population of the Piegan in the United States in 1858?

In 1858, the Piegan population in the United States was estimated to be 3,700.

What does the text suggest about the Piegan's traditional diet and lifestyle before the widespread adoption of horses?

The text suggests that before adopting horses and guns, the Piegan people practiced some agriculture and were partly nomadic, indicating a mixed subsistence strategy that relied on both farming and movement for hunting.

What is the meaning of the Blackfeet term Siksikáíkoan?

Siksikáíkoan is a Blackfeet language term that refers to a Blackfeet person.

What was the role of David Thompson in relation to the Piegan people?

David Thompson, an explorer for the Hudson's Bay Company, camped with a group of Piegan during the winter of 1787–1788, marking one of the earliest recorded encounters between European descendants and the Piegan.

What does the text suggest about the Piegan people's migration patterns?

The text suggests that the Piegan people may be more recent arrivals in their current territory, with evidence indicating their Algonquian-speaking ancestors migrated southwest from Saskatchewan starting around 1730. Previously, they might have lived further east, closer to the Atlantic Coast or the Great Lakes region.

What is the significance of the Ulm Pishkun State Park mentioned in relation to the Piegan?

The Ulm Pishkun State Park is mentioned in the context of evidence for the substantial use of buffalo jumps by people in north-central Montana as early as AD 300, indicating a long history of hunting practices in the region that likely involved the Piegan ancestors.

What does the term "agglutinative" refer to in the context of the Blackfoot language?

The term "agglutinative" describes the Blackfoot language, indicating that it, like other Algonquian languages, tends to form words by stringing together morphemes (meaningful units) in a way that is characteristic of agglutinative languages.

What historical treaties are mentioned in relation to the Piegan people and the United States government?

The Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851) and the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) are mentioned in relation to the Piegan people and the US government, indicating periods of negotiation and land agreements.

What does the text say about the Blackfeet Confederacy's historical territorial control?

The text states that the Blackfeet had historically controlled large portions of the regions that are now Alberta and Montana.

Piegan Blackfeet Wiki: Echoes of the Plains: An Exploration of the Piegan Blackfeet

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Introduction

Indigenous Heritage

The Piegan, known in their language as Piikááni or Amskapi Piikani, are a significant Algonquian-speaking Indigenous people indigenous to the North American Great Plains. They represent the largest of the three primary groups comprising the Blackfeet Confederacy, alongside the Siksika and Kainai Nations. Historically, the Piegan exerted considerable influence across the northern Great Plains throughout the nineteenth century.

Division and Identity

The establishment of international boundaries between Canada and the United States necessitated the division of traditional Piegan territories. This led to the signing of treaties and the formation of distinct political entities. Today, the descendants of the Piegan are primarily organized into two recognized bodies: the Blackfeet Nation, a federally recognized tribe headquartered in Browning, Montana, USA, and the Piikani Nation, a recognized band in Alberta, Canada. These divisions reflect the complex historical and political landscape navigated by the people.

Population and Presence

Contemporary Piegan communities are largely integrated within the Blackfeet Nation in Montana. Census data indicates a significant population identifying with the Blackfeet heritage. The 1990 United States census recorded 32,234 individuals identifying as Blackfeet. By 2010, this number grew substantially, with the US Census reporting 105,304 individuals identifying as Blackfeet, either solely or in combination with other ancestries, underscoring the enduring presence and identity of the people.

Terminology

Naming Conventions

The term Piegan (also rendered as Pikuni, Piikuni, Piikani, and Piikáani) denotes one of the three foundational tribes of the Blackfeet Confederacy. This Confederacy also includes the Kainai Nation (commonly known as the Blood Tribe) and the Siksika Nation (often referred to as the Blackfeet Nation). Collectively, these groups are frequently identified as "the Blackfoot" or "the Blackfoot Confederacy." Academic literature commonly employs "Blackfeet people," while Canadian Blackfoot communities may use the singular "Blackfeet."

Official Designations

Both the tribal governments and the United States government officially utilize the term "Blackfeet," as exemplified by the "Blackfeet Nation" designation on their official tribal website. The self-designation in the Blackfoot language is Siksiká, derived from Siksikáíkoan (meaning "a Blackfeet person"). In English, individuals often state, "I am Blackfeet" or "I am a member of the Blackfeet tribe."

Traditional Bands

Historically, Plains Indigenous peoples organized into "bands"—groups of families united for communal activities such as hunting and defense. The Piegan people were traditionally composed of numerous bands. According to ethnographic records, these included bands such as Ahahpitape, Ahkaiyikokakiniks, Kiyis, Sikutsipmaiks, Sikopoksimaiks, Tsiniksistsoyiks, Kutaiimiks, Ipoksimaiks, Silkokitsimiks, Nitawyiks, Apikaiviks, Miahwahpitsiks, Nitakoskitsipupiks, Nitikskiks, Inuksiks, Miawkinaiyiks, Esksinaitupiks, Inuksikahkopwaiks, Kahmitaiks, Kutaisotsiman, Nitotsiksisstaniks, Motwainaiks, Mokumiks, and Motahtosiks. Hayden also lists Susksoyiks.

The traditional bands of the Piegan people, as documented by ethnographers like Grinnell and Hayden, include:

Ahahpitape
Ahkaiyikokakiniks
Kiyis
Sikutsipmaiks
Sikopoksimaiks
Tsiniksistsoyiks
Kutaiimiks
Ipoksimaiks
Silkokitsimiks
Nitawyiks
Apikaiviks
Miahwahpitsiks
Nitakoskitsipupiks
Nitikskiks
Inuksiks
Miawkinaiyiks
Esksinaitupiks
Inuksikahkopwaiks
Kahmitaiks
Kutaisotsiman
Nitotsiksisstaniks
Motwainaiks
Mokumiks
Motahtosiks
Susksoyiks (listed by Hayden)

Historical Trajectory

Ancient Roots and Early Migrations

Archaeological evidence suggests human habitation in the region of north-central Montana dating back as far as 5000 years, with substantial use of buffalo jumps evident from around AD 300. Linguistic analysis indicates that the ancestors of the Blackfoot language speakers migrated southwestward from present-day Saskatchewan around 1730. Prior to this, their ancestral homelands may have been situated further east, potentially along the Atlantic Coast or in the Great Lakes region, consistent with other Algonquian-speaking groups.

Adaptation and European Contact

The adoption of the horse, acquired through trade and conflict with neighboring groups like the Shoshoni, Kutenai, Salish, and Nez Perce around 1730, significantly expanded the Piegan's range for bison hunting and facilitated their integration into Plains Indigenous cultures. Early documented contact with individuals of European descent occurred in the late eighteenth century, notably with fur trader James Gaddy and Hudson's Bay Company explorer David Thompson, who wintered with a Piegan group in 1787–1788.

Population Dynamics and Challenges

Estimates of the Piegan population varied significantly in the mid-nineteenth century, with figures ranging from 3,700 in 1858 to 2,520 by 1861. The population experienced severe declines due to devastating epidemics of Eurasian diseases to which they had no natural immunity. The smallpox epidemic of 1837–1838 alone claimed thousands of lives across the Blackfeet Confederacy. Further hardship arose from starvation, exacerbated by disruptions to food supplies and conflict. The failure of the last traditional buffalo hunt in 1882 marked a particularly dire period, known as the "starvation year."

Treaties and Modern Governance

Following the establishment of the Canadian and US borders, the Piegan people were compelled to engage in treaty negotiations. This process led to their settlement on reservations and enrollment in government-sanctioned bodies. Key historical events include the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851 and 1868 with the US), Treaty 7 (with Canada, 1877), and the Sweetgrass Hills Treaty (with the US, 1887). These agreements shaped the current land base, with the Blackfeet Reservation in Montana being substantial, while the three Blackfoot reserves in Alberta are considerably smaller. The post-1870s period also saw significant events like the Marias Massacre (1870) and the "starvation winter" of 1883–1884.

Cultural and Spiritual Life

Spiritual Beliefs

The Blackfeet hold a profound spiritual worldview centered on a belief in a sacred force that permeates all existence. This universal energy is often symbolically represented by the sun, whose light is understood to sustain all life. This animistic perspective shapes their relationship with the natural world and their understanding of the cosmos.

"Manly-Hearted Women"

Within Piegan society, historical accounts document the existence of "manly-hearted women." These individuals occupied significant social roles often associated with men, demonstrating considerable agency and influence. Their roles extended to activities such as solo singing, typically considered immodest, and employing a distinct male singing style, reflecting a complex and nuanced social structure that recognized diverse forms of contribution and expression.

Notable Figures

Leaders and Visionaries

The Piegan and Blackfeet communities have produced numerous influential individuals who have shaped their history and culture.

Earl Old Person (1929–2021): Served as Chief of the Blackfeet Tribe and was honored with induction into the Montana Indian Hall of Fame in 2007.
Helen Piotopowaka Clarke (1846–1923): A notable figure recognized for her work as an actress and educator, she was also among the first women elected to public office in Montana.
John Two Guns White Calf (1872–1934): A prominent chief who played a role in promoting Glacier National Park for the Great Northern Railway.

Cultural Storytellers

Writers and artists from or connected to the Piegan Blackfeet have significantly contributed to literature and the arts, preserving and interpreting their heritage.

James Welch (1940–2003): An acclaimed author and poet, his non-fiction work Killing Custer and his award-winning novel Fools Crow offer profound insights into Blackfeet history and culture.
Stephen Graham Jones (b. 1972): A contemporary author recognized with numerous awards, including an NEA Fellowship, his works often explore themes relevant to Indigenous experiences. His short story "Bestiary" and novel "The Buffalo Hunter Hunter" engage with Piegan identity and folklore.

Contemporary Contributions

Modern figures continue to bring Piegan heritage to wider audiences through various platforms.

Lily Gladstone (b. 1986): An accomplished actress of Piegan Blackfeet and Nez Perce heritage, she achieved significant recognition, including a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress, for her role in Killers of the Flower Moon. She grew up on the Blackfeet Reservation in Browning, Montana.

Literary Contributions

Ethnographic and Historical Accounts

Scholars and writers have dedicated significant efforts to documenting and preserving the history and culture of the Piegan and Blackfeet people.

George Bird Grinnell (1849–1938): A prominent ethnologist and conservationist, Grinnell authored extensive accounts of the Blackfeet Nation based on his extensive travels and research, including works like Blackfoot Lodge Tales.
James Willard Schultz (Apikuni) (1859–1947): An author, explorer, and historian deeply connected to the Blackfeet, Kootenai, and Flathead Indians, Schultz published 37 fiction and non-fiction books critically acclaimed for their portrayal of these cultures.

Contemporary Narratives

Modern authors continue to explore Piegan themes and narratives.

Stephen Graham Jones: His novel The Buffalo Hunter Hunter centers on a Piegan man grappling with historical injustices and supernatural elements, offering a contemporary fictional exploration of identity and revenge.

Related Information

Historical Events

The history of the Piegan Blackfeet is intertwined with significant events impacting the region and its peoples.

Marias Massacre

The Blackfoot Confederacy

The Piegan are integral members of the Blackfoot Confederacy. Understanding their place requires acknowledging the broader context of this alliance.

Blackfoot Confederacy Overview
Category	Details
Blackfoot-speaking Tribes	Kanai (Blood Tribe) Piikani (Northern Peigan / Blackfoot) Siksika (Blackfoot) Amskapi Piikani (South Piegan / Blackfeet)
Later Members	Gros Ventre / Atsina (circa 1793–1861) Tsuut'ina / Sarcee
Communities (US Reservations)	Blackfeet Indian Reservation (South Piegans) Fort Belknap Indian Reservation (Gros Ventres)
Communities (Canada Reserves)	Blood 148 Piikani 147 Siksika 146 Tsuu T'ina 145
Culture	Blackfoot language Gros Ventre language Tsuut'ina language Blackfeet music Blackfoot religion
Key Historical Events	War with Shoshone (circa 1730s-1800s) Smallpox epidemics (1775–1782, 1837–1838) Treaties (Fort Laramie 1851, 1868; Treaty 7, 1877; Sweetgrass Hills 1887) Marias Massacre (1870) Battle of the Belly River (1870) US land annexation, migration to Canada (1874) Starvation winter (1883–1884)

Sources

Reference Materials

The information presented on this page is derived from publicly available data, primarily the Wikipedia article on the Piegan Blackfeet.

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References

Stephen Graham Jones, "Bestiary"

A full list of references for this article are available at the Piegan Blackfeet Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This page has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a synthesis of publicly available data, primarily from Wikipedia, and may not encompass the full depth or nuance of the Piegan Blackfeet culture and history.

Cultural Sensitivity Advisory: While striving for accuracy and respect, this AI-generated content cannot replace the lived experiences, oral traditions, and perspectives of the Piegan Blackfeet people themselves. It is essential to approach this information with cultural sensitivity and to prioritize Indigenous voices and sources when seeking a comprehensive understanding.

Historical Context: Historical accounts are presented as documented in the source material. The interpretation and significance of historical events can be complex and may vary among different perspectives within the community. This page does not constitute professional historical or anthropological consultation.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein. Always consult primary sources and Indigenous community resources for the most accurate and respectful understanding.

Echoes of the Plains

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Introduction 🐃

🌍 Indigenous Heritage

↔️ Division and Identity

📊 Population and Presence

Terminology 🗣️

🏷️ Naming Conventions

🇺🇸🇨🇦 Official Designations

👥 Traditional Bands

Historical Trajectory 📜

⏳ Ancient Roots and Early Migrations

🐎 Adaptation and European Contact

📉 Population Dynamics and Challenges

⚖️ Treaties and Modern Governance

Cultural and Spiritual Life ⭐

🌌 Spiritual Beliefs

💪 "Manly-Hearted Women"

Notable Figures 👑

👤 Leaders and Visionaries

✍️ Cultural Storytellers

🎭 Contemporary Contributions

Literary Contributions 📚

📖 Ethnographic and Historical Accounts

📖 Contemporary Narratives

Related Information 🔗

⚔️ Historical Events

🤝 The Blackfoot Confederacy

Sources 🔗

📄 Reference Materials

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Introduction

Indigenous Heritage

Division and Identity

Population and Presence

Terminology

Naming Conventions

Official Designations

Traditional Bands

Historical Trajectory

Ancient Roots and Early Migrations

Adaptation and European Contact

Population Dynamics and Challenges

Treaties and Modern Governance

Cultural and Spiritual Life

Spiritual Beliefs

"Manly-Hearted Women"

Notable Figures

Leaders and Visionaries

Cultural Storytellers

Contemporary Contributions

Literary Contributions

Ethnographic and Historical Accounts

Contemporary Narratives

Related Information

Historical Events

The Blackfoot Confederacy

Sources

Reference Materials

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice