What is Restorationism often a response to in the context of Christianity?

Restorationism frequently arises as a reaction against denominationalism. The underlying motive is to dismantle the divisions between different Christian groups by returning to the essential and universal practices of the original Christian religion.

In what different ways have groups attempted to implement the Restorationist vision?

Groups have pursued the Restorationist vision through various means, including focusing on the structure and practices of the church, emphasizing the ethical life of believers, or prioritizing the direct experience of the Holy Spirit in an individual's life.

How is the term Restorationism used more narrowly in historical context?

More narrowly, Restorationism refers to several distinct movements that emerged during the Great Awakenings. These include groups like the Christadelphians, Swedenborgians (The New Church), Irvingians (such as the New Apostolic Church), The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormonism), Jehovah's Witnesses, La Luz del Mundo, and Iglesia ni Cristo.

What is the significance of Restorationism as a taxonomic grouping within Christianity?

Restorationism is considered one of six major taxonomic groupings of Christianity, alongside the Church of the East, Oriental Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, and Protestantism. This classification highlights its distinct approach to restoring perceived lost aspects of early Christianity.

What is the common belief shared by Restorationist groups regarding historic Christianity?

Restorationist groups generally share the belief that historic Christianity experienced a 'Great Apostasy,' leading to a loss of the true faith. They believe that the Church needed to be restored to its original state.

What does 'Restorationism' mean in the sense of 'Christian primitivism'?

In the sense of 'Christian primitivism,' Restorationism refers to the effort to correct perceived deficiencies in the current church by using the primitive church of the first century as a model for reconstructing early Christianity. This often involves practicing church life as it is believed to have been done in the New Testament.

When did themes of restorationism first appear in church history?

Themes of restorationism appeared early in church history, first noted in the writings of Irenaeus. These ideas were also present in some movements during the Middle Ages and were expressed to varying degrees during the Protestant Reformation and within Protestantism itself.

Which historical movements can be described as 'restoration movements'?

Several historical movements are described as 'restoration movements,' including the Glasites in Scotland and England, the independent church led by James and Robert Haldane in Scotland, the American Restoration Movement, the Landmarkists, and the Mormons.

What are the four general historical models of Restorationism identified?

Four general historical models of Restorationism are identified based on the aspect of early Christianity being restored: Ecclesiastical Primitivism, Ethical Primitivism, Experiential Primitivism, and Gospel Primitivism.

What is the focus of Ecclesiastical Primitivism?

Ecclesiastical Primitivism concentrates on restoring the church's organizational and administrative practices to mirror those of the early church. Figures like Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin, the Puritans, and Alexander Campbell in the United States advocated for this model.

What is the primary aim of Ethical Primitivism?

Ethical Primitivism focuses on restoring the ethical standards and the commitment to discipleship that characterized the early Christian community. This can involve observing commandments and norms believed to be universally applicable, as found in early Christian writings.

What does Experiential Primitivism aim to restore?

Experiential Primitivism seeks to re-establish the direct communication with God and the experience of the Holy Spirit that was believed to be prevalent in the early church. Movements like the Latter Day Saint movement and Pentecostalism are examples of this model.

How is Gospel Primitivism, as seen in Martin Luther, characterized?

Gospel Primitivism, exemplified by Martin Luther, focuses on restoring the clarity and purity of the gospel message itself, which Luther felt had been obscured by the medieval church. While Luther sought to reform and purify the church, he was critical of attempts to restore specific outward forms, viewing such efforts as works righteousness.

How did the Protestant Reformation relate to Restorationist ideals?

The Protestant Reformation was driven by an impulse to repair the Church and return it to what reformers perceived as its original biblical structure, belief, and practice. The core principle of 'scripture alone' (sola scriptura) rejected church traditions that were seen as cluttering the path to God.

What was the difference between the German (Lutheran) and Swiss (Reformed) approaches to Reformation?

The German (Lutheran) approach was more about 'reformation,' seeking to purify the existing church while preserving tradition. The Swiss (Reformed) approach was more about 'restoration,' aiming to replace traditional forms and practices with those based on biblical precedent, with figures like Zwingli and Calvin emphasizing biblical patterns for church governance.

How did Methodism, founded by John Wesley, embody Christian Primitivism?

Methodism began as a Christian Primitivist movement within the Church of England, with John Wesley deeply respecting the Primitive Church, generally defined as the church before the Council of Nicaea. The Wesleys emphasized scriptural interpretation guided by the consensus of the Ante-Nicene Fathers, aligning with a view closer to Prima Scriptura than Sola Scriptura.

What role did Separate Baptists play in the development of Restorationism in America?

During the First Great Awakening, Separate Baptists contributed to Restorationism by rejecting creeds and emphasizing 'freedom in the Spirit.' Their focus on the Bible as the 'perfect rule' for the church and their spread into Kentucky and Tennessee helped prepare the ground for the later Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement.

What factors made the Restoration sentiment appealing in the United States during the Second Great Awakening?

Several factors contributed to the appeal of Restorationism in the early 19th-century United States: the perception of America as a pristine land ideal for recovering pure Christianity, the alignment with new democratic ideals, the belief in an upcoming millennial age, independence from European traditions, and the promise of finding assurance outside established denominations.

What was the primary aim of the American Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement?

The American Restoration Movement aimed to restore the Christian church and sought the unification of all Christians into a single body patterned after the New Testament church. This movement grew from independent efforts to return to apostolic Christianity.

What were the key shared beliefs of the Stone and Campbell movements that led to their union?

The Stone and Campbell movements shared critical beliefs, including the restoration of apostolic Christianity to hasten the millennium, the achievement of Christian freedom, and the attainment of Christian unity by using the early church as a model. They also agreed on core tenets like Jesus being the Christ, celebrating the Lord's Supper weekly, and believer's baptism by immersion as necessary for salvation.

What distinctive doctrines emerged within the Christadelphian movement?

The Christadelphian movement developed distinctive doctrines including anti-trinitarianism, the belief that God is corporeal, objection to military service, and a lay-membership structure. These align with the broader spirit of the Restorationist movement.

What is the core belief of the Catholic Apostolic Church (Irvingian)?

The Catholic Apostolic Church, founded on the theology of Edward Irving, believes that God can work miracles in His Church as easily as in the Apostolic age. This Restorationist branch of Christianity teaches that they exercise the spiritual gifts ('charismata') of the Apostolic age and were organized with a fourfold ministry of apostles, prophets, evangelists, and pastors.

What is the central belief of the Latter Day Saint movement regarding Joseph Smith?

Adherents of the Latter Day Saint movement believe that their founder, Joseph Smith, was a prophet chosen to restore the primitive, apostolic church. They believe this church and its priesthood were withdrawn from Earth after the Apostolic Age and before the First Council of Nicaea.

How did Adventism, particularly Millerism, relate to Restorationism?

Millerites, a prominent Adventist group, emphasized apocalyptic teachings and preparation for Christ's return. They sought to restore a prophetic immediacy and uncompromising biblicism, believing this had existed in the past but was rejected by mainstream churches. This movement led to the formation of groups like the Seventh-day Adventists.

What are the key distinctive teachings of the Seventh-day Adventist Church?

Beyond common Protestant beliefs like the Trinity and scriptural infallibility, the Seventh-day Adventist Church holds distinctive teachings such as the unconscious state of the dead (soul sleep), the doctrine of an investigative judgment, and an emphasis on diet, health, religious liberty, and a conservative lifestyle.

What core beliefs characterized the Bible Student movement led by Charles Taze Russell?

The Bible Student movement, led by Charles Taze Russell, believed Russell helped restore true Christianity from an apostasy foretold by Jesus and Paul. They focused on key doctrinal points considered a return to 'primitive Christianity,' including active proselytization, strict political neutrality, abstinence from warfare, belief in the imminent Kingdom of God on Earth, and rejection of Trinitarianism and the immortality of the soul.

How did Jehovah's Witnesses emerge from the Bible Student movement?

Jehovah's Witnesses emerged as a distinct organization by maintaining control of Russell's Watch Tower Society. They continued to develop doctrines they considered an improved restoration of first-century Christianity, notably increasing the emphasis on using 'Jehovah' as God's personal name.

What is the origin and core characteristic of the Plymouth Brethren movement?

The Plymouth Brethren is a conservative, Evangelical, restorationist movement that originated in Dublin, Ireland, in 1827. They adopted the biblical designation 'the Brethren' and soon established assemblies throughout Europe and beyond, though internal divergences led to divisions, primarily between 'Open Brethren' and 'Exclusive Brethren'.

What is the primary focus of Oneness Pentecostalism within Restorationism?

Oneness Pentecostalism is particularly characterized by its strong restorationist themes, viewing its movement as a restoration of the Apostolic Church. This is why many adherents refer to themselves as 'apostolic' or their movement as the 'Apostolic Pentecostal' movement, emphasizing the work and power of the Holy Spirit.

What is the central tenet of the Church of God (Restoration) founded by Daniel Layne?

A core tenet of the Church of God (Restoration) is the belief that they are ordained by prophecy and divine command to restore the church as it was described in the Book of Acts. Their eschatology is a form of historicism, believing the '7th Trumpet' began sounding around 1980.

What is the main claim of Iglesia ni Cristo regarding its origins and beliefs?

Iglesia ni Cristo, founded in the Philippines, professes to be the reestablishment of the original church founded by Jesus Christ, asserting that the original church apostatized. The church does not teach the doctrine of the Trinity or the divinity of Jesus, and it does not identify with the term 'Restorationist Movement'.

What is the foundational claim of La Luz del Mundo regarding its establishment?

La Luz del Mundo, founded in Mexico, asserts that its founder, Eusebio Joaquín González (renamed Aarón), was called by God as an apostle to restore the primitive Christian church of the first century CE. The church believes all other forms of Christianity are corruptions that emerged after the death of the original apostles.

What is the stated aim of the Apostolic Catholic Church (Philippines)?

The Apostolic Catholic Church (Philippines), which separated from the Roman Catholic Church in 1991, describes itself as a traditionalist church aiming to reinstate ancient Catholic traditions that were removed by previous councils and Popes. It is registered as a Protestant and Independent Catholic denomination.

What is a defining feature of the 'local churches' movement?

A defining feature of the local churches movement is their adherence to the principle that all Christians in a city or locality automatically belong to the one church in that locality. They also emphasize the lack of an official organization or name to avoid division among believers.

How does Jesuism differ from mainstream Christianity?

Jesuism is a personal philosophy focused on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth and adherence to those teachings. It is distinct from, and sometimes opposed to, mainstream Christianity, particularly differentiating itself from the writings attributed to the Apostle Paul and modern Church doctrine.

What are the two major new doctrines codified by the World Mission Society Church of God after Ahn Sahng-hong's death?

After Ahn Sahng-hong's death, the World Mission Society Church of God codified two major doctrines: that Ahn Sahng-hong should be regarded as Christ incarnate, the Holy Spirit, and God the Father, and that Zahng Gil-jah should be regarded as God the Mother, forming a divine pair.

What is the Catholic critique of Christian primitivism and restorationism?

The Catholic critique of primitivism and restorationism includes arguments that such movements imply the failure of Christ's promise that the gates of hell would not prevail against the Church. It also contends that primitivist claims about the early church are often anti-historical and based on ignorance of the Early Church Fathers, partly due to the Protestant doctrine of sola Scriptura.

What is the Catholic view on the development of church doctrine in relation to primitivism?

From a Catholic perspective, Christ intended the church's practice and doctrine to grow and develop organically, guided by the Holy Spirit. This view sees the ideal of primitivism as potentially utopian and mistaken, contrasting it with the legitimate development of doctrine over time, as articulated by theologians like John Henry Newman.

How did the Caroline Divines in the Church of England exemplify primitivism?

The Caroline Divines, flourishing in the 1600s, were scholars within the Church of England who regularly appealed to the Primitive Church as the basis for their reforms. Unlike many other Christian primitivists, they held to Prima Scriptura, interpreting Scripture through the consensus of the Church Fathers, and worked within the established church rather than separatism.

What is the significance of the 'Great Apostasy' in the context of Restorationism?

The 'Great Apostasy,' or the loss of the original church established by Jesus, is a concept cited by Restorationists as historical evidence for changes in Christian doctrine over time. They point to biblical prophecies of a coming apostasy and the perceived corruption leading to the Protestant Reformation as steps toward enabling a full restoration.

What is 'Restitutionism' and how does it relate to the term 'restorationist'?

Restitutionism is the belief in a temporary future punishment followed by the final restoration of all to God's favor, essentially a form of Universalism. Some dictionaries consider 'restorationist' a synonym for this belief.

What was the primary focus of the Stone-Campbell Movement's restoration efforts?

The Stone-Campbell Movement's restoration efforts were characterized by a desire to unify all Christians into a single body that mirrored the structure and practices of the New Testament church. This movement emerged from several independent efforts to return to apostolic Christianity.

What specific theological points did the Bible Student movement consider a return to primitive Christianity?

The Bible Student movement considered several doctrinal points a return to primitive Christianity, based on their interpretation of the Bible. These included active proselytization, strict political neutrality, abstinence from warfare, belief in the imminent Kingdom of God on Earth, and rejection of Trinitarianism, the immortality of the soul, and eternal torment in Hell.

What criticism did John Duncan level against the Plymouth Brethren?

John Duncan criticized the Plymouth Brethren movement by stating that in their attempt to end sectarianism, they began by creating a new sect, which he described as the most sectarian sect of all.

What is the main goal of the Charismatic Restorationist Movement that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s?

The Charismatic Restorationist Movement, emerging in the 1960s and 1970s, focused on the nature of the church and the restoration of authentic church order. This order centered on the 'fivefold ministries' mentioned in Ephesians 4:11: Apostles, Prophets, Evangelists, Teachers, and Pastors.

What is the core belief of the Apostolic-Prophetic Movement?

The Apostolic-Prophetic Movement, a more recent form of charismatic restorationism, recognizes the office of the apostle and centers on figures like the Kansas City Prophets. Leading proponents include C. Peter Wagner, Rick Joyner, Mike Bickle, and Lou Engle.

What is the primary theological difference between the Churches of Christ and the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) regarding the Restoration Movement?

The division within the Restoration Movement is often seen as a tension between the goals of restoration and ecumenism. Churches of Christ and Christian churches/churches of Christ tend to emphasize restoration, while the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) prioritizes ecumenism.

What is the significance of 'sola scriptura' in the context of the Protestant Reformation?

'Sola scriptura,' meaning 'scripture alone,' was a foundational principle of the Protestant Reformation. It asserted the Bible's ultimate authority over church tradition, which reformers believed had become cluttered with human regulations and had obscured the gospel.

What is the Catholic critique regarding the historical accuracy of primitivist assumptions?

A Catholic critique of primitivism suggests that restorationists are often ignorant of the actual nature of the early church, wrongly assuming it was purely congregational, non-liturgical, and non-hierarchical. This ignorance, the critique posits, stems from a lack of awareness of the writings of the Early Church Fathers and is reinforced by the Protestant doctrine of sola Scriptura.

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Defining Restorationism

Core Tenet

Restorationism, also known as Christian primitivism, is a religious perspective asserting that the original beliefs and practices of Jesus' followers were either lost or corrupted after his death. Consequently, it advocates for a return to these perceived original forms. This viewpoint often seeks to rectify perceived deficiencies in other Christian branches by using the primitive church as a normative model.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Response to Division

The impetus behind many restoration movements is a reaction against denominationalism. Proponents argue that a return to the essential and universal features of the original Christian religion can dismantle the walls of separation between different Christian groups.^[4] Different movements have emphasized various aspects for restoration, including church structure and practice, the ethical life of the church, or the direct experience of the Holy Spirit.^[1]

Historical Context

The concept of restoring an earlier, purer form of Christianity has appeared at various points in church history, from early writings to medieval movements and significantly during the Protestant Reformation and subsequent revivals. The term "Restorationism" is also used more narrowly to describe specific movements that emerged during the Great Awakenings, such as the Christadelphians, Latter Day Saints, and Jehovah's Witnesses, all of whom believe historic Christianity experienced a "Great Apostasy" and required restoration.^[5]^[6]

Restorationist Models

Ecclesiastical Primitivism

This model focuses on restoring the specific organizational structures and practices of the early church. Figures like Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin, the Puritans, and Alexander Campbell are associated with this approach, emphasizing adherence to biblical precedents for church governance and worship.^[1]

Ethical Primitivism

Ethical primitivism centers on reviving the moral standards and the commitment to discipleship observed in the early Christian community. Movements like the Anabaptists, Barton W. Stone's followers, and the Holiness Movement exemplify this focus on restoring ethical norms and biblical lifestyles.^[1]

Experiential Primitivism

This perspective emphasizes the restoration of direct communication with God and the experiential manifestations of the Holy Spirit, as believed to have been present in the early church. The Latter Day Saint movement and Pentecostalism are key examples, seeking to recover the spiritual dynamism of the apostolic era.^[1]

Gospel Primitivism

Gospel primitivism, exemplified by Martin Luther, prioritizes the restoration of the core gospel message, which proponents felt had been obscured by later traditions. While Luther sought to purify the church's doctrine, he was cautious about restoring specific forms, viewing such efforts as potentially leading to works righteousness.^[1]

Historical Trajectory

Medieval Roots

Restorationist sentiments appeared in various medieval movements seeking church renewal, such as the Lollards, the Brethren of the Common Life, and the Hussites. These movements often reacted against perceived corruption within the papacy and the established church, prefiguring later reform efforts.^[30]

Reformation Era

The Protestant Reformation itself was largely driven by a desire to restore Christianity to its biblical foundations. While Luther focused on restoring the gospel, figures like Zwingli and Calvin emphasized restoring biblical patterns for church structure and practice. The English Caroline Divines also appealed to the Primitive Church as a basis for reform within the established church.^[37]^[29]

American Awakenings

The First and Second Great Awakenings in America saw a surge in restorationist ideals. Movements like Methodism, Separate Baptists, and notably the Stone-Campbell Movement sought to recapture the spirit and structure of the early church. This era also saw the rise of groups like the Latter Day Saints, influenced by the pervasive sentiment for religious restoration in a new nation.^[29]

Notable Restorationist Groups

Stone-Campbell Movement

Originating in the early 19th century, this movement sought to restore the New Testament church, emphasizing biblical authority and Christian unity. Key figures included Barton W. Stone and Alexander Campbell. It led to the formation of modern Churches of Christ, Christian churches, and the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ).^[4]^[53]

Latter Day Saints

Founded by Joseph Smith, this movement believes in the restoration of Christ's church and priesthood through ongoing revelation. They emphasize a return to primitive apostolic organization and doctrine, viewing historical Christianity as having undergone a Great Apostasy.^[70]

Bible Students & Jehovah's Witnesses

Emerging from the teachings of Charles Taze Russell, the Bible Student movement and its successor, Jehovah's Witnesses, sought to restore what they considered true Christianity based on a literal interpretation of the Bible, rejecting doctrines like the Trinity and the immortality of the soul.^[78]

Adventism

Adventist movements, including Seventh-day Adventists and Advent Christian Church, arose from the Millerite movement. They emphasize eschatological teachings and a return to uncompromising biblicism, believing they are preparing for Christ's imminent return.^[74]

Pentecostalism

Pentecostalism began as a restoration movement focused on recovering the "experiential" aspects of the early church, particularly the gifts and power of the Holy Spirit. Oneness Pentecostals, in particular, often identify their movement as a restoration of the Apostolic Church.^[93]

Other Groups

Numerous other groups, including Christadelphians, Swedenborgians, Irvingians, Plymouth Brethren, Iglesia ni Cristo, and La Luz del Mundo, also identify with or exhibit characteristics of Restorationism, each aiming to re-establish a perceived original form of Christianity.^[5]^[8]

Key Theological Themes

Rejection of Denominationalism

A central tenet is the opposition to the fragmentation of Christianity into numerous denominations. Restorationists typically seek a unified church based on the New Testament model, believing that denominational structures are human inventions that obscure the true faith.^[4]

Primacy of Scripture

While interpretations vary, there is a strong emphasis on the Bible as the ultimate authority. Some groups adhere strictly to "sola scriptura" (scripture alone), while others, like the Caroline Divines and Methodists, give significant weight to the consensus of the early Church Fathers (Prima Scriptura) in interpreting scripture.^[29]

Emphasis on the Apostolic Age

The period of the Apostles and the earliest Christians is often viewed as the ideal standard. This includes beliefs about church governance, worship practices, spiritual gifts, and ethical conduct, which are seen as having been lost or corrupted over centuries.^[1]

Millennial Expectations

Many restorationist movements hold specific views on eschatology, often believing that their efforts to restore the true church are a necessary precursor to or part of ushering in a millennial age or the Second Coming of Christ.^[29]

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References

E.g., clean and unclean animals, Gen. 7:2.

Matt. 5â7

Encyclopedia of new religions: new religious movements, sects and Christopher Hugh Partridge - 2004 "In June 1848, he returned to England and was well received in Nottingham and had further speaking engagements in Derby"

The British Millennial Harbinger and Family Magazine ed. James Wallis July 1848 cover, October 1848 in full

Joseph Smith - History 1:19

George R. Knight, "A Search for Identity: The Development of Seventh-Day Adventist Beliefs," Review and Herald Pub Assoc., 2000

Edith Waldvogel Blumhofer, Restoring the Faith: The Assemblies of God, Pentecostalism, and American Culture, University of Illinois Press, US, 1993, p. 13

Allan Anderson An Introduction to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity (Cambridge: CUP, 2004) 104

Owen J. Flanagan. The Really Hard Problem: Meaning in a Material World. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2007. p.36

Douglas J. Del Tondo. Jesus' Words Only. San Diego: Infinity Publishing, 2006. p.19

Owen J. Flanagan. The Really Hard Problem: Meaning in a Material World. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2007. p.263

Woodrow Wilson Whidden, Jerry Moon, John W. Reeve, The Trinity: Understanding God's Love, His Plan of Salvation, and Christian Relationships, Review & Herald Publishing Association, 2002, p. 164.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Restorationism Wikipedia page

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Echoes of the Apostolic Age

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Defining Restorationism 🏛️

📜 Core Tenet

🤝 Response to Division

🌍 Historical Context

Restorationist Models 🧭

⛪ Ecclesiastical Primitivism

⚖️ Ethical Primitivism

✨ Experiential Primitivism

📖 Gospel Primitivism

Historical Trajectory ⏳

🏰 Medieval Roots

🔥 Reformation Era

🇺🇸 American Awakenings

Notable Restorationist Groups 👥

✝️ Stone-Campbell Movement

🌟 Latter Day Saints

💡 Bible Students & Jehovah's Witnesses

⏳ Adventism

🕊️ Pentecostalism

🏛️ Other Groups

Key Theological Themes 🧠

🚫 Rejection of Denominationalism

📜 Primacy of Scripture

✨ Emphasis on the Apostolic Age

🔮 Millennial Expectations

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Defining Restorationism

Core Tenet

Response to Division

Historical Context

Restorationist Models

Ecclesiastical Primitivism

Ethical Primitivism

Experiential Primitivism

Gospel Primitivism

Historical Trajectory

Medieval Roots

Reformation Era

American Awakenings

Notable Restorationist Groups

Stone-Campbell Movement

Latter Day Saints

Bible Students & Jehovah's Witnesses

Adventism

Pentecostalism

Other Groups

Key Theological Themes

Rejection of Denominationalism

Primacy of Scripture

Emphasis on the Apostolic Age

Millennial Expectations

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice