What was the official name and alternative common name for the New Zealand government that served from 1960 to 1972?

The government of New Zealand from 1960 to 1972 was officially known as the Second National Government of New Zealand, and it was also commonly referred to as the Holyoake Government, named after its head of government, Keith Holyoake.

What was the general political orientation and primary objective of the Second National Government?

The Second National Government was a conservative administration whose main goal was to maintain the economic prosperity and overall stability that characterized the early 1960s in New Zealand.

How long did the Second National Government of New Zealand remain in power?

The Second National Government was one of New Zealand's longest-serving governments, holding office from its formation on 12 December 1960 until its dissolution on 8 December 1972.

Who succeeded Keith Holyoake as Prime Minister during the final year of the Second National Government?

Jack Marshall succeeded Keith Holyoake as Prime Minister on 7 February 1972, serving until the government stepped down on 8 December 1972.

Which political party was the primary member party of the Second National Government?

The New Zealand National Party was the member party that formed the Second National Government.

Who were the leaders of the Opposition Labour Party during the Second National Government's tenure?

The Opposition Labour Party was led by Walter Nash from 1960 to 1963, followed by Arnold Nordmeyer from 1963 to 1965, and then Norman Kirk from 1965 to 1972.

What was a key economic policy change implemented by the Second National Government regarding trade unions?

The Second National Government relaxed compulsory unionism as part of its economic policy.

How did the Second National Government address New Zealand's trade relations with the United Kingdom following the UK's entry into the European Economic Community?

The Second National Government successfully negotiated continued access for New Zealand to United Kingdom markets after the UK was accepted into the European Economic Community, which was a significant trade bloc.

What was the Second National Government's policy towards the Māori people in response to their increasing urbanization?

In response to the increasing urbanization of the Māori people, the Second National Government adopted a policy of cultural assimilation, aiming to integrate Māori into Pākehā (European New Zealander) lifestyles.

What significant change did the Second National Government make to the Native School system?

The Second National Government abolished the Native School system in 1969 as part of its Māori policy.

How did the Second National Government modify the Waitangi Day Act of 1960?

The Waitangi Day Act 1960 was amended by the Second National Government to designate Waitangi Day as a public holiday specifically within the Northland region of New Zealand.

What legislative decision was made regarding capital punishment for murder during the Second National Government's term?

On 12 October 1961, capital punishment for murder was removed from the Crimes Bill introduced by the government, with ten National MPs, including the Minister of Justice Ralph Hanan, voting with the Opposition in a 41 to 30 vote.

When were family maintenance allowances introduced by the Second National Government?

Family maintenance allowances were introduced by the Second National Government in 1968, providing financial support to families.

What change occurred in bar closing times under the Second National Government, and when?

Following a referendum on 23 September 1967, bar closing times were extended from 6pm to 10pm, with the change taking effect on 9 October 1967.

How was the emergency benefit program reformed in 1968 by the Second National Government?

In 1968, the emergency benefit was systematized into a discretionary Domestic Purposes Benefit, which was later replaced by a statutory Domestic Purposes Benefit in 1973.

What enhancements were made to medical benefits in 1969 under the Second National Government?

In 1969, the general medical services benefit was increased for beneficiaries, and a specialist benefit was introduced to cover specialized medical care.

What initiative did the Second National Government introduce in 1969 to support healthcare in rural areas?

A rural incentives scheme for doctors was introduced in 1969 to encourage medical professionals to practice in less populated regions.

What simplification was made to income abatement on benefits in 1971?

In 1971, the process of income abatement on benefits, which reduces benefits based on other income, was simplified by the government.

What military commitment did New Zealand make in Southeast Asia during the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation?

New Zealand troops were committed to the defense of Malaysia during the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation under the Second National Government.

What was the Second National Government's involvement in the Vietnam War?

The Second National Government committed a small number of New Zealand troops to the Vietnam War, viewing support for American wars as a necessary contribution for America's commitment to protect New Zealand through the ANZUS pact.

What policy related to military service did the Second National Government re-establish?

The Second National Government re-established compulsory military training.

Who was the first New Zealand-born Governor-General appointed by the Second National Government, and when?

The first New Zealand-born Governor-General, Sir Arthur Porritt, was appointed in 1967 by the Second National Government.

Who was the first New Zealand-born and New Zealand resident Governor-General appointed by the Second National Government, and when?

Sir Denis Blundell was appointed in 1972 as the first New Zealand-born and New Zealand resident Governor-General by the Second National Government.

What change did the Second National Government make to the voting age?

The voting age was lowered to 20 from 21 by the Second National Government.

What was the key issue that contributed to the Labour government's defeat and the formation of the Second National Government in the 1960 election?

The key issue of the 1960 election was the 'Black Budget' of 1958, in which the preceding Labour government had significantly raised taxes on alcohol, petrol, and cigarettes, leading to widespread public dissatisfaction.

Why did the Labour government implement the 'Black Budget' of 1958, according to the text?

The Labour government argued that the 'Black Budget' was necessary to address a balance of payments crisis, a situation where a country's payments to other countries exceed its receipts.

How did the age of Labour's leadership compare to National's in the 1960 election, and what was its perceived impact?

In 1960, Labour's Prime Minister Walter Nash was 78, and many of his team were considered old and out of touch, contrasting with National leader Keith Holyoake, who was in his mid-50s, which voters likely perceived as a more modern and energetic alternative.

Which new National MPs elected in 1960 were described as the 'Young Turks'?

Ian Templeton used the term 'Young Turk' to describe three new National MPs elected in 1960: Peter Gordon, Duncan MacIntyre, and Robert Muldoon.

What was the primary reason for the 1963 election being considered a re-run of the 1960 election?

The 1963 election was largely a re-run of the 1960 election because no new major issues had emerged, and the Labour Party continued to suffer damage from the unpopular 'Black Budget' of 1958.

What was the outcome for the National Party in the 1963 general election?

In the 1963 general election, National's share of the popular vote decreased by only 0.5% compared to 1960, and they lost just one seat, maintaining a majority of 10 seats in Parliament.

Who became the Labour Party leader shortly before the 1966 election?

Norman Kirk replaced Arnold Nordmeyer as the Labour Party leader shortly before the 1966 election.

What was the main policy difference between the National and Labour parties in the 1966 election?

The main policy difference in the 1966 election was the commitment to the Vietnam War; the National government supported New Zealand's involvement, while Labour opposed it and advocated for troop recall.

What significant electoral event occurred in the 1966 election regarding a minor party?

In the 1966 election, National lost one seat to the Social Credit Party, marking the first time since 1943 that a seat had been won by a party other than Labour or National.

What two key electoral changes were implemented before the 1969 general election?

Before the 1969 election, the voting age was lowered from 21 to 20, and the number of electorates was increased from 80 to 84 to account for population growth.

How did the National Party's popular vote and seat count change in the 1969 election?

In the 1969 election, National's share of the popular vote increased by 1.6%, and the party regained the seat it had previously lost to Social Credit, which is a rare instance of a government increasing its vote share while in power.

What were the primary reasons cited for the Second National Government's defeat in the 1972 election?

The Second National Government's defeat in the 1972 election was attributed to a general perception that the party was old, worn-out, and out of touch, rather than any single policy issue, as encapsulated by Labour's campaign slogan, 'It was time for a change'.

How did Keith Holyoake's long political career and conservative stance contribute to the National Party's image before the 1972 election?

Keith Holyoake, having been in Parliament since 1932 and a founding member of the National Party in 1936, was perceived as having a conservative bent that was a poor fit for the changing times, contributing to the party's image as old and out of touch before the 1972 election.

What was the impact of Keith Holyoake's resignation and Jack Marshall's succession on the National Party's prospects in the 1972 election?

Keith Holyoake's resignation in favor of his deputy, Jack Marshall, did little to revitalize the National Party, as Marshall lacked the charisma of Labour leader Norman Kirk and had insufficient time to establish himself before the election later that year.

What was the National Party's performance in the 1960 general election in terms of seats won and majority?

In the 1960 general election, the National Party won 46 seats out of 80, securing a majority of 12.

What was the National Party's performance in the 1963 general election in terms of seats won and majority?

In the 1963 general election, the National Party won 45 seats out of 80, securing a majority of 10.

What was the National Party's performance in the 1966 general election in terms of seats won and majority?

In the 1966 general election, the National Party won 44 seats out of 80, securing a majority of 8.

What was the National Party's performance in the 1969 general election in terms of seats won and majority?

In the 1969 general election, the National Party won 45 seats out of 84, securing a majority of 6.

What was the National Party's performance in the 1972 general election in terms of seats won and majority?

In the 1972 general election, the National Party won 32 seats out of 87, resulting in no majority and leading to their defeat.

Which minister held the portfolio of Minister of Foreign Affairs for the entire duration of the Second National Government?

Keith Holyoake, who also served as Prime Minister for most of the term, held the portfolio of Minister of Foreign Affairs for the entire duration of the Second National Government, from 12 December 1960 to 8 December 1972.

Who served as the Minister of Finance under the Second National Government, and when did Robert Muldoon assume this role?

Harry Lake served as Minister of Finance from 1960 until 1967, after which Robert Muldoon took over the portfolio on 21 February 1967 and held it until the government's dissolution in 1972.

Who held the roles of Minister of Justice and Attorney-General for the majority of the Holyoake Government's term?

Ralph Hanan held both the Minister of Justice and Attorney-General portfolios from 12 December 1960 until 24 July 1969 for Justice and 22 December 1969 for Attorney-General, covering the majority of Keith Holyoake's time as Prime Minister.

Who was the Minister of Labour for most of the Second National Government's term before Jack Marshall took over?

Tom Shand served as the Minister of Labour from 12 December 1960 until 11 December 1969, after which Jack Marshall assumed the role.

Second National Government Of New Zealand Wiki: Governing Aotearoa: New Zealand's Second National Era

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Government Overview

A Decade of Conservative Rule

The Second National Government of New Zealand, often referred to as the Holyoake Government after its long-serving head, Keith Holyoake, governed the nation from December 12, 1960, to December 8, 1972. This period marked a significant era of conservative governance, primarily focused on maintaining the economic prosperity and general stability that characterized the early 1960s. Its twelve-year tenure established it as one of New Zealand's longest-serving governments.

Key Figures and Leadership

Throughout its extensive term, the government was predominantly led by Prime Minister Keith Holyoake. His leadership provided a consistent conservative direction for the country. Towards the end of its term, in 1972, Holyoake resigned and was succeeded by Jack Marshall, who served as Prime Minister for a brief period before the government's eventual defeat. The continuity and eventual transition of leadership are central to understanding the government's trajectory.

Guiding Philosophy

The core philosophy of the Second National Government was rooted in conservatism, aiming to safeguard and incrementally advance New Zealand's societal and economic frameworks. This approach influenced its responses to both domestic challenges and evolving international relations, seeking pragmatic solutions that prioritized stability and national interest within a rapidly changing global landscape.

Significant Policies

Economic Adjustments

In the economic sphere, the government implemented several key changes. It relaxed compulsory unionism, a move that shifted the balance in industrial relations. Crucially, it engaged in complex negotiations to secure continued access for New Zealand products to United Kingdom markets, a vital economic lifeline, following the UK's decision to join the European Economic Community. This demonstrated a proactive approach to protecting national economic interests amidst international shifts.

Māori Policy and Cultural Integration

Responding to the increasing urbanization of the Māori people, the government pursued a policy of cultural assimilation. This policy aimed to integrate Māori into Pākehā (European New Zealander) lifestyles. A significant aspect of this approach was the abolition of the Native School system in 1969. Additionally, the government amended the Waitangi Day Act of 1960, designating Waitangi Day as a public holiday specifically within the Northland region, acknowledging its historical significance.

Social and Legal Reforms

The government oversaw notable social and legal reforms. In a landmark decision on October 12, 1961, ten National Members of Parliament voted with the Opposition to remove capital punishment for murder from the Crimes Bill, passing by a vote of 41 to 30. Other social policies included the introduction of family maintenance allowances in 1968, and the systematization of emergency benefits into a discretionary Domestic Purposes Benefit in the same year. Public life saw a significant change in 1967, when a referendum led to the extension of bar closing times from 6 PM to 10 PM. Healthcare provisions were also enhanced, with the general medical services benefit raised for beneficiaries and a specialist benefit introduced in 1969, alongside a rural incentives scheme for doctors. Income abatement on benefits was simplified in 1971.

Foreign Affairs and Defense

In foreign policy, the government made significant commitments. New Zealand troops were deployed to defend Malaysia during the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation, demonstrating regional engagement. Furthermore, a small contingent of New Zealand troops was committed to the Vietnam War, a decision reflecting the government's stance on supporting American alliances, particularly through the ANZUS pact, for national security. Domestically, compulsory military training was re-established, reinforcing defense capabilities.

Constitutional Evolution

The period also saw important constitutional developments. In 1967, the first New Zealand-born Governor-General, Sir Arthur Porritt, was appointed. This was followed in 1972 by the appointment of Sir Denis Blundell, the first New Zealand-born and resident Governor-General, marking a step towards greater national self-identification in this role. The voting age was also lowered from 21 to 20, expanding democratic participation.

Electoral Dynamics

The 1960 Formation

The 1960 general election was largely defined by the "Black Budget" of 1958, a controversial fiscal policy by the preceding Labour government that increased taxes on alcohol, petrol, and cigarettes. Despite Labour's arguments for its necessity in addressing a balance of payments crisis, the National Party effectively campaigned against it, contributing significantly to Labour's defeat after only one term. Another contributing factor was the perceived age of Labour's leadership, with Prime Minister Walter Nash being 78, contrasting with the mid-50s Keith Holyoake, who was seen as more in touch. This election also saw the emergence of "Young Turk" National MPs like Peter Gordon, Duncan MacIntyre, and Robert Muldoon.

Re-runs and Shifts: 1963 & 1966

The 1963 election largely mirrored 1960, with the "Black Budget" continuing to impact Labour, even with Arnold Nordmeyer, its architect, now leading the party. National's popular vote saw only a marginal decrease of 0.5%, and they retained a comfortable majority. The 1966 election introduced new dynamics. Norman Kirk replaced Nordmeyer as Labour leader, but had insufficient time to consolidate his position. A key policy divergence was the Vietnam War, with National supporting troop commitment and Labour opposing it. Despite losing 3.5% of the popular vote and one seat to the Social Credit Party (the first time since 1943 a non-major party won a seat), National maintained power.

The 1969 Anomaly

Ahead of the 1969 election, significant constitutional changes were enacted: the voting age was lowered from 21 to 20, and the number of electorates increased from 80 to 84 due to population growth. These changes surprisingly benefited National, which saw its share of the popular vote rise by 1.6% and regained the Hobson seat from Social Credit. This election stands as a rare instance of a governing party increasing its popular vote share while in power.

The 1972 Defeat

By 1972, the Second National Government was perceived as "old, worn-out, and out of touch." Keith Holyoake, having been in Parliament since 1932 and a founding member of the National Party, resigned in favor of his deputy, Jack Marshall. However, Marshall lacked the charisma of Labour leader Norman Kirk and had little time to establish his leadership before the election. The government's defeat was less about specific policies and more about a pervasive public sentiment, encapsulated by Labour's campaign slogan, that it was simply "time for a change."

Election Results Summary

Electoral Performance (1960-1972)

The following table provides a concise overview of the Second National Government's performance across the general elections held during its tenure, illustrating shifts in parliamentary representation and popular vote.

Election	Parliament	Seats	Total votes	Percentage	Gain (loss)	Seats won	Change	Majority
1960	33rd	80	1,170,503	47.6%	+3.4%	46	+7	12
1963	34th	80	1,198,045	47.1%	-0.5%	45	-1	10
1966	35th	80	1,205,095	43.6%	-3.5%	44	-1	8
1969	36th	84		45.2%	+1.6%	45	+1	6
1972	37th	87		41.5%	-7%	32	-13	-

Prime Ministers

Keith Holyoake (1960-1972)

Sir Keith Jacka Holyoake was the dominant political figure of this era, serving as Prime Minister for nearly the entire duration of the Second National Government, from December 12, 1960, until his resignation on February 7, 1972. A founding member of the National Party in 1936, Holyoake's extensive parliamentary career, which began in 1932, positioned him as a seasoned and influential leader. His conservative approach emphasized stability and economic prudence, guiding New Zealand through a period of significant domestic and international change.

Jack Marshall (1972)

Sir John Ross Marshall succeeded Keith Holyoake as Prime Minister on February 7, 1972, serving until the government's defeat on December 8, 1972. Prior to becoming Prime Minister, Marshall served as Deputy Prime Minister under Holyoake from 1960 to 1972. His brief premiership was marked by the challenge of revitalizing a party perceived as "old and out of touch" against the charismatic leadership of Labour's Norman Kirk, ultimately leading to the end of the Second National Government's long tenure.

Deputy Prime Ministers

The role of Deputy Prime Minister was held by two prominent figures during this government's term. Jack Marshall served in this capacity from December 12, 1960, until he ascended to the premiership on February 7, 1972. Following Marshall's promotion, Robert Muldoon assumed the role of Deputy Prime Minister, serving from February 7, 1972, until the government's dissolution on December 8, 1972. These individuals played crucial supporting roles in the government's administration and policy implementation.

Cabinet Ministers

Ministerial Portfolios (1960-1972)

The following table details the various ministerial portfolios and the individuals who held them during the Second National Government's twelve-year term, highlighting the continuity and changes in leadership across key government departments.

Portfolio	Minister	Start	End
Prime Minister	Keith Holyoake	12 December 1960	7 February 1972
Prime Minister	Jack Marshall	7 February 1972	8 December 1972
Deputy Prime Minister	Jack Marshall	12 December 1960	7 February 1972
Deputy Prime Minister	Robert Muldoon	7 February 1972	8 December 1972
Minister of Agriculture	William Gillespie	12 December 1960	23 April 1961
	Thomas Hayman	2 May 1961	2 January 1962
	Brian Talboys	24 January 1962	22 December 1969
	Douglas Carter	22 December 1969	8 December 1972
Attorney-General	Ralph Hanan	12 December 1960	22 December 1969
	Jack Marshall	22 December 1969	2 February 1971
	Dan Riddiford	2 February 1971	9 February 1972
	Roy Jack	9 February 1972	8 December 1972
Minister of Broadcasting	Arthur Kinsella	12 December 1960	20 December 1963
	Jack Scott	20 December 1963	15 February 1967
	Lance Adams-Schneider	15 February 1967	22 December 1969
	Bert Walker	22 December 1969	8 December 1972
Minister of Customs	Jack Marshall	12 December 1960	24 January 1962
	Norman Shelton	24 January 1962	12 December 1969
	Lance Adams-Schneider	12 December 1969	9 February 1972
	George Gair	9 February 1972	8 December 1972
Minister of Defence	Dean Eyre	12 December 1960	12 December 1966
	David Thomson	12 December 1966	9 February 1972
	Allan McCready	9 February 1972	8 December 1972
Minister of Education	Blair Tennent	12 December 1960	20 December 1963
	Arthur Kinsella	20 December 1963	22 December 1969
	Brian Talboys	22 December 1969	9 February 1972
	Lorrie Pickering	9 February 1972	8 December 1972
Minister of Finance	Harry Lake	12 December 1960	21 February 1967
Minister of Finance	Robert Muldoon	21 February 1967	8 December 1972
Minister of Foreign Affairs	Keith Holyoake	12 December 1960	8 December 1972
Minister of Forestry	Geoff Gerard	12 December 1960	12 December 1966
Minister of Forestry	Duncan MacIntyre	12 December 1966	8 December 1972
Minister of Health	Norman Shelton	12 December 1960	24 January 1962
	Don McKay	24 January 1962	9 February 1972
	Lance Adams-Schneider	9 February 1972	8 December 1972
Minister of Housing	John Rae	12 December 1960	9 February 1972
Minister of Housing	Eric Holland	9 February 1972	8 December 1972
Minister of Immigration	Tom Shand	12 December 1960	22 December 1969
	Jack Marshall	22 December 1969	9 February 1972
	David Thomson	9 February 1972	8 December 1972
Minister of Industries and Commerce	Jack Marshall	12 December 1960	22 December 1969
	Norman Shelton	22 December 1969	9 February 1972
	Brian Talboys	9 February 1972	24 October 1972
Minister of Internal Affairs	Leon Götz	12 December 1960	20 December 1963
	David Seath	20 December 1963	9 February 1972
	Allan Highet	9 February 1972	8 December 1972
Minister of Island Territories	Leon Götz	12 December 1960	20 December 1963
	Ralph Hanan	20 December 1963	24 July 1969
	Duncan MacIntyre	24 July 1969	8 December 1972
Minister of Justice	Ralph Hanan	12 December 1960	24 July 1969
	Dan Riddiford	22 December 1969	9 February 1972
	Roy Jack	9 February 1972	8 December 1972
Minister of Labour	Tom Shand	12 December 1960	11 December 1969
	Jack Marshall	12 December 1969	7 February 1972
	David Thomson	7 February 1972	8 December 1972
Minister of Maori Affairs	Ralph Hanan	12 December 1960	24 July 1969
Minister of Maori Affairs	Duncan MacIntyre	22 December 1969	8 December 1972
Minister of Marine	John McAlpine	12 December 1960	2 May 1961
	Geoff Gerard	2 May 1961	20 December 1963
	Jack Scott	20 December 1963	22 December 1969
	Allan McCready	22 December 1969	9 February 1972
	Peter Gordon	9 February 1972	8 December 1972
Minister of Mines	Tom Shand	12 December 1960	11 December 1969
	Norman Shelton	22 December 1969	9 February 1972
	Les Gandar	9 February 1972	8 December 1972
Minister of Police	Dean Eyre	12 December 1960	20 December 1963
	Percy Allen	20 December 1963	22 December 1969
	David Thomson	22 December 1969	9 February 1972
	Percy Allen	9 February 1972	8 December 1972
Postmaster-General	Thomas Hayman	12 December 1960	2 May 1961
	Arthur Kinsella	2 May 1961	20 December 1963
	Jack Scott	20 December 1963	22 December 1969
	Allan McCready	22 December 1969	9 February 1972
	Bert Walker	9 February 1972	8 December 1972
Minister of Railways	John McAlpine	12 December 1960	12 December 1966
Minister of Railways	Peter Gordon	12 December 1966	8 December 1972
Minister for Social Security	Norman Shelton	12 December 1960	24 January 1962
	Don McKay	24 January 1962	9 February 1972
	Lance Adams-Schneider	9 February 1972	8 December 1972
Minister of Trade	Jack Marshall	12 December 1960	9 February 1972
Minister of Trade	Brian Talboys	9 February 1972	8 December 1972
Minister of Transport	John McAlpine	12 December 1960	12 December 1966
Minister of Transport	Peter Gordon	12 December 1966	8 December 1972
Minister of Works	Stan Goosman	12 December 1960	20 December 1963
Minister of Works	Percy Allen	20 December 1963	8 December 1972

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Governing Aotearoa: New Zealand's Second National Era

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Government Overview ℹ️

🗓️ A Decade of Conservative Rule

🌟 Key Figures and Leadership

🧭 Guiding Philosophy

Significant Policies 📜

💰 Economic Adjustments

🤝 Māori Policy and Cultural Integration

⚖️ Social and Legal Reforms

🌐 Foreign Affairs and Defense

👑 Constitutional Evolution

Electoral Dynamics 🗳️

🏁 The 1960 Formation

🔄 Re-runs and Shifts: 1963 & 1966

📈 The 1969 Anomaly

📉 The 1972 Defeat

Election Results Summary 📊

🗳️ Electoral Performance (1960-1972)

Prime Ministers 👨‍💼

👑 Keith Holyoake (1960-1972)

🤝 Jack Marshall (1972)

🥈 Deputy Prime Ministers

Cabinet Ministers 👥

🏛️ Ministerial Portfolios (1960-1972)

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Government Overview

A Decade of Conservative Rule

Key Figures and Leadership

Guiding Philosophy

Significant Policies

Economic Adjustments

Māori Policy and Cultural Integration

Social and Legal Reforms

Foreign Affairs and Defense

Constitutional Evolution

Electoral Dynamics

The 1960 Formation

Re-runs and Shifts: 1963 & 1966

The 1969 Anomaly

The 1972 Defeat

Election Results Summary

Electoral Performance (1960-1972)

Prime Ministers

Keith Holyoake (1960-1972)

Jack Marshall (1972)

Deputy Prime Ministers

Cabinet Ministers

Ministerial Portfolios (1960-1972)

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

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Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice